fojk mrsÉfþoh
wOHhk m%foaYh yd l%ufõoh
2.1. wOHhk m%foaYh ms<sn`o yeÈkaùu
2.2. wOHhk l%ufõoh
2.3. wOHhkfha iSudlï yd tajd úiod .ekSug fh¥ ms<shï
fojk mrsÉfþoh
02. wOHhk m%foaYh yd l%ufõoh
2.1 wOHhk m%foaYh ms<sno yeÈkaùu
ud;r Èia;%slalfhys W;=ßka wl=/iai m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdihg o" kef.kysßka ud,sïnv m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihg o" ol=Kska je,s.u m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihg o" ngysßka buÿj m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihg o udhsï jQ je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih j¾. lsf,daógr 64'3 la fyj;a fylaghdr 6430 l N+ñ m%foaYhla mqrd jHdma;j we;' fuu m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdihg ud;r Èia;%slalfha uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka 5% l m%foaYhla wh;a ù we;[1]'
is;shu wxl 01 uq,dY%h: iïm;a me;slv" 2004
.%du ks<OdÍ fldÜGdi 38 lska iukaú; jQ fuu m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifhys ^.%du ks,OdÍ iSud udhsï oelafjk is;shu i`oyd wxl 02 is;shu;a tys yÿkd .ekSfï kdudj,sh ioyd wxl 07 j.=j;a n,kak& N+f.da,Sh msysàu i,ld n,k l, ol=Kq w¾Oh uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg wä ishhla ^0 - 100 Ft& olajd jQ WÉp;ajhlg .uka lrk w;r W;=re w¾Ofha § th wä yh ishhla ^600 Ft& olajd WÉp;ajhlg meñfKa' je,a,dk" y,a,," mekEáhk hk m%foaY ;=fkys ^03& yqol,d lÿ .eg olakg ,efnhs[2]'
r;=-ly fmdâfid,sla mi fndfyda m%foaYhkays jHdma;j we;s w;r" ;o yd uDÿ ,egrhsÜ mi l`ÿ iy /<s N+ñj, jHdma;j mj;S' ;eks;,d m%foaYhkaf.a ye,a yd w¾O ye,a mi jHdma; ù mj;sk w;r l+Uqre wdYs;j we¨úh,a mi jHdma; ù mj;S'
fuu l<dmh f;;a l,dmhg wh;a jQ neúkau uOH jd¾Isl j¾Idm;h ñ'ó' 1800 la muK jkq ,nk w;r" uOH jd¾Isl WIaK;aj w.h fi,aishia wxYl 25.7 la muK fõ[3]'
fmd,aj;a; .`." fmd,aw;=fudaor keu;s ia:dkfhka id.rh yd tla jk w;r fndrd, jej" y,a,, jej fuu m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< we;s m%Odk jeõ fol fõ'
wlalr 3582 l muK N+ñ m%udKhla mqrd wiajoaok l=Uqre m%udKhla mj;sk w;r" wlalr 1380 l f;a" fmd,a" rn¾" l=reÿ" m%Odk jYfhka jHdma; fldg we;' óg wu;rj f.j;= yd t<j¿ j.d lrk N+ñ m%foaY o fuu m%foaYh mqrd jHdma;j we;'
je,s yd ueá ,nd .ekSfï uQ,sl wruqKska hqla;j leKSï lghq;= isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r" Wvqldj yd pd,sujqkaÜ hk m%Odk l¾udka; mqrjrhka fuu m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< msysgqjd we;' fuÜg yd .DydYs%; úúO NdKav ksIamdok fuys lrkq ,nk w;r" l<dmfha we.¿ï l¾udka; Yd,d 01 la yd n;sla l¾udka; Yd,d 01 la jHdma;j we;' l¿ .,a wdY%s; ksIamdok" ueá wdYs%; úúO ksIamdok" fmd,a ,S yd .Dy NdKAv" fldyq wdYs%; ksIamdokhka o fuu m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih wdYs;j olakg ,efnhs'
jd¾.sl ixhq;sh .;a l, oñ, ck;dj ie,lsh hq;= wdldrhlska olakg fkd,enqk;a" isxy, yd uqia,sï ck.ykh úfYAI jYfhka olakg yelsh' ta wkqj isxy, 89.4% la yd uqia,sï 10.4% la jYfhka jd¾.sl;ajh wkqj fn§ f.dia we;'
ta wkqj fuys ck.ykh jhia.;ùu ms<snoj f;dr;=re wOHhkh lsÍu ioyd tu .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi 38 w;ßka f;dard .kakd ,o ia:dk folla wdYs%;j ksheÈ wOHhk lghq;= isÿ fõ'
is;shu wxl 02 uq,dY%h: iïm;a me;slv" 2004
j.=j wxl 1 : je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha kj .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi kdu
wkq wxlh | .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdih | .%d'ks' wxlh | wkq wxlh | .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdih | .%d'ks' wxlh |
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 | n;,fyak fnr,s,sh fndrd, foksmsáh uOHu foksmsáh kef.kysr foksmsáh ngysr y,a,, bíndj, cUqrf.dv kef.kysr cUqrf.dv ngysr chúl%umqr lmqj;a; fldlaudÿj W;=r udÿrdf.dv óremam uQKu,afm k,jk ksú;sje,a fndlal mdÈ,s fldlaudÿj | 375 E 375 D 378 A 391 B 391 391 A 375 376 377 377 B 397 C 396 375 C 391 C 397 B 392 372 B 373 A 375 A | 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 | m,,a, mekEáhk mekEáhk ngysr fmdarU lkxfl W;=r fmdarU lkxfl ol=K mqyq,fyak iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj Wvqldj W;=r Wvqldj ol=K Wreúáh úf,af.dv jdy, lkxfl W;=r jdy, lkxfl ol=K jrlmsáh kef.kysr jrlmsáh W;=r jrlmsáh ol=K jgf.oruq,a, je,smsáh j,dk | 377 A 394 A 394 B 372 372 A 372 C 375 B 392 B 392 A 397 A 376 A 373 373 B 399 C 399 399 B 389 396 A 394 |
uq,dY%h: iïm;a me;slv" 2004
2.2 wOHhk l%ufõoh
ck.ykh jhia.;ùu ms<snoj wOHhkh lsÍfï § mj;akd fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a fukau" ld, iïmf;ys o mj;akd ys`.;djh fya;=fjka úYd, mßudK wOHhkhla isÿ lsÍu ÿIalr lghq;a;ls' tneúka mq¿,a jYfhka wOHhkh lrkjd fjkqjg l=vd lafIa;%hla jYfhka f.k flá ld,hla ;=< .eUqre wOHhkhla isÿ lsÍug fuu.ska n,dfmdfrd;= úh'
je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdifha jhia.;ùu iuia;hla f,i .;a l< 12.66% la úh' kuq;a fuu w.h iuia; fCIa;%h mqrd taldldÍj jHdma; ù fkdue;' iuyr .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdij, § fuu w.h 18.7% la f,i Wmßu w.hla jd¾;d jQ w;r" ;j;a iuyr fldÜGdij, § fuu w.h 8.4% la jYfhka wju w.hla f.k we;'
kuq;a fujeks wka; foll l<dm msysàu;aa" ksheÈ f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSug we;s wmyiq;djh;a fya;=fjka iy jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj fuu wOHhkh isÿ lrkq ,nk neúka" jhia.; ck ixLHdj idfmalaIj by< l<dm wdY%s;j ksheÈ wOHhkh isÿ lsÍug wfmalaId lrk ,È' ta wkqj je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdifhys jhia.; ck ixLHdj Wmrsu .%du ks<OdrS fldÜGdi fol" ksheos wOHhk m%foaY f,i f;dard f.k ksheÈ.; f;dr;=re ,nd .efka' ta wkqj fï ioyd"
01. cUqrf.dv ngysr ^wxl 10& iy
02. iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj ^wxl 26&
hk .%du ks,OdÍ tall fol f;dard .kakg fhÈks' cUqrf.dv ngysr .%du ks,OdÍ jiu ;=< 2004 j¾Ifhys uq¿ ck ixLHdj 803 la jQ w;r" iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj .%du ks,OdÍ jiu ;=< 2004 j¾Ifhys uq¿ ck ixLHdj 882la úh'
2004 j¾Ih ;=< iuia: m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=<u jhia.;ùfï wkqmd;h ^jhi wjq 60 g jeä& 12.66% la jQQ w;r" ksheÈ f,i f;dard .kakd ,o cUqrf.dv ngysr jiu ;=< th 18.7% la iy iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj jiu ;=< 17.8% la úh' fuu ;;a;ajh ie<lsh hq;= ;;a;ajhls' ukaoh;a" j¾I 2000 § iuia; Y%S ,xldj ;=<ska wfmalaId l, uÜgu jQfha 9.7% l w.hla ùu;a" 2005 j¾Ifha wfmalaId l< uÜgu jQ 11.4% jQ w.h;a wNsnjd úYd, f,i by< f.dia we;s neúks'
f;dard .;a ksheÈ .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi foflys jhia.; ck.ykh mqoa.,hska 307la jQ w;r" cUqrf.dv ngysr .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdifhys th mqoa.,hska 150la iy iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdifhys mqoa.,hska 157la jYfhka úh' kuq;a fu;rï jhia.; msßila fhdod .ksñka wOHhk lghq;a; isÿ lsÍu wmyiq neúka fuu .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdihkaf.a Ôj;ajk jhia.; ck ixLHdjg iudkqmd;slj ksheÈh f;dard .kakd ,È' ta wkqj cUqrf.dv ngysr .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdih ;=<ska jhia.;jQjka 19 fofkla iy iynkaÿ fldlaudÿj .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdih ;=<ska jhia.;jQjka 18 fofkla jYfhka ksheÈh ioyd f;dard .kakd ,È'
ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï § ix.Kkfha we;s iEu úp,Hhlgu ksheÈhg we;=,;a ùug iudk whs;shla we;s neúka ir, ksheÈ l%uhla jQ ir, iiïNdù ksheÈ (Simple Random Sampling) l%uh ksheÈ f;aÍfï lghq;= ioyd fhdod .;sñ¡ fuu ir, iiïNdù ksheÈ l%uh fhdod .ksñka fCIa;% wOHhkhg wod, ksheÈhg mqoa.,hska we;=,;a lrkq ioyd jhia.; ck ixLHdj ckao ysñ kdu f,aLkfha wkqms<sfj<g .Dy wxlh ,nd § ksheÈ f;aßfï ,ehsia;=jg we;=,;a lrk ,os' tlu mjq,l jhia.;jQjka fofokl= fyda Bg jeä w.hla jQ wjia:dl § jhi jeäu ;ek;a;d kshÈh f;dard .kakd ldKav ,ehsia;=jg we;=,;a lrk ,È' fuys § jhi jeäu ;ek;a;d jhia.;jQjka nyq;rhla isákd wjia:dfõ § f;dard .kq ,enqfõ Tjqka fuu kseÈh ;=<ska .s,syS hdug we;s yelshdj wvq lsÍu ioyd h' fuf,i f;dard .ekSfï ,ehsia;=.; ldKavdhug we;=,;a l< mqoa.,hskaf.ka l=vd ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu ioyd f,d;/hs l%uhg wxls; ;=Kavq len,s Ndú;d lrñka wjYH ksheÈh f;dard .ekSu isÿ lrk ,È'
f;dard .;a ksheÈh ;=< ia;%Ska 21la yd mqreIhska 16la jQ w;r" ia;%Ska 21 fokd w;=ßka 11 fofkl= jhi wjqreÿ 60-65 w;r o" 06 fofkla 65-70 w;r o" 04 fofkla 70 by< jhfia o miq úh' mqreIhska 16 fokd w;=ßka 09 fofkla jhi wjqreÿ 60-65 w;r uÜgfï o" 04 fofkla jhi wjqreÿ 65-70 w;r o" b;sßh jhi 70g jeä whj¨ka úh'
f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï m%Yakdj,sh mQ¾K ixjD; fkdjQ w;r jhia.; jQjkaf.a woyia o óg we;=,;a lr .; hq;= neúka wvla ixjD; uÜgfuka mj;ajd .kakd ,È' tf,i wvla ixjD; lsÍug fya;= jQfha ish¿ f;dr;=re ,sÅ;j ,nd .; fkdyels neúks' idlÉcd ud¾fhkao hï hï f;dr;=re ,nd .;a w;r tu f;dr;=re ,nd .ekSfï § ;ks mqoa., uÜgfï idlÉcd fukau iuQy uÜgfï idlÉcd mj;ajk ,È'
fuu ,nd .kakd ,o m%d:ñl f;dr;=rej,g wu;rj wod, .%du ks,OdÍ n, m%foaYj, .%du ks,OdÍ uy;=ka yuqùfuka m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl uÜgfï f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd ,È' m%dfoaYsh f,alï ld¾hd,fhka yd ud;r lÉfÉßfha ixLHd f,aLK wxYh u.ska jeä ÿr wjYH oaú;shsl f;dr;=re ,nd .kakd ,È'
fuf,i talrdYs lrk ,o m%d:ñl yd oaú;shsl o;a; úYaf,aIKhg iqÿiq f,i ilia lsÍu B<`. ld¾hh hs' ta wkqj iólaIKh u.ska tl;= lr .kakd ,o wuq o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍu i|yd l%udkql+,j f.dkq l< hq;= fõ' ta ioyd fuu tl;= lr .;a wuq o;a;" oaú;Shsl o;a; iu. iei£ug yels jk mßÈ ilia l, hq;= h' ta ioyd tl;= lr.;a fuu o;a; ieliqï lsÍug (Data processing) isÿ fõ' Code system wkq.ukh lrñka fla; lsÍu (Coding), j¾.SlrKh lsÍu (Classfication), j.= .; lsÍu (Tabulation), m%ia:dr .; lsÍu (Graphing), m%;sY;lrKh jeks ixLHdk úoHd;aul l%u WmldÍ lr .ekSu ;=<ska o;a; úYaf,aIKh lsÍug isÿ flfr hs'
fuf,iska úYaf,aIs; o;a;¦ j.=" úúO m%ia;drsl l%u" is;shï" wdÈh WmldÍ lr .ksñka wjidkfha bÈßm;a lsÍug wfmalaId lrñ'
2.3 wOHhkfha iSudlï yd tajd úi§ug .kakd ,o mshjrhka
fuu wOHhkh “je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha ck.ykh jhia.;ùu” ms<snoj isÿ lrk wOHhkhlss' ta wkqj fuu wOHhkh ioyd by; m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha ck.ykhu fhdod f.k wOHhkh lsÍu ÿIalr" wmyiq lghq;a;la neúka m¾fhaIK uQ,O¾u fhdod .ksñka fuu wOHhkh isÿ lrk ,È'
m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha iuia: jhia.;ùfï fõ.h j¾;udkfha 12.66% ls' kuq;a .%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi uÜgfuka f.k neÆ l, fuh tla tla fldÜGdij, úúO w.hka orK nj jegyqKs' iuyr fldÜGdij, Wmßu uÜgul jhia.;ùula fmkakqï l< w;r ;j;a iuyr fldÜGdij, fuh wju uÜgula .;s'
m¾fhaIKhla isÿ lsÍfï § iuia;h ksfhdackh lsÍu ´kEu m¾fhaIKhlg wod, isoaOdka;hls' ta wkqj fuu m¾fhaIKh ioyd fhod .kakd ,o m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha jhia.;ùfï fõ.h jeä l<dm fukau fõ.h wvq l<dm jYfhka l<dm folla yÿkd .kakd ,o w;r" ksheÈh f;dard .ekSfï § tys myiqj ;ld ck.yk j¾Ok fõ.h Wmßu l<dm muKla f;dard .ksñka m%Yakdj,sh yd iïuqL idlÉcd tu l<dmhg muKla Ndú;d lrk ,È' fuu l%shdj,sfhys hï hï wvqmdvq mej;sh o tajd fuys § fkdi,ld yer we;'
ksheÈh tu l<dmhkays jhia.; ck.ykhg idfmalaIj f;dard .ekSu;a" th l=vd ùu;a" ta ;=<ska iuia: l<dmh ms<sn`oj lrk ,o ks.ukj, wvqmdvq;a ;sìh yel' kuq;a fuf,i ksheÈ folla l=vd mßudKfhka fhdod .ekSu u.ska wvqmdvq we;sfkdfõ hehs Wml,amkh lr we;'
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