isõjk mßÉfÊoh
04. jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd.ekSu
4.1. l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
4.2. iudch ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
isjqjk mßÉfÊoh
04. jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .ekSu
jhia.;jQjka iudcfhau m%mxphls' Tjqka jhi jeäùu;a iu. hï o¾Ylhka WmldÍ lr .ksñka ñkqï lghq;= isÿ lsÍu ksid jhia.;jQjka f,i i,ld we;' fudjqkag ;reKh wjêfha ;rï ldhsl Yla;sh fkd;snqK o Tjqkaf.a udkisl Yla;sh" w;aoelSï yd m<mqreoao iïnkaOj fidhd ne,Sfï § fudjqka i;= yelshdj fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyel' o¾Ylhla fya;=fjka jhi wjqreÿ 60 blaujd .sh mqoa.,hka jhia.;jQjka f,i ie,l=j o yßhgu fuu jhia uÜgfï §u fudjqka wl%Sh mqoa.,hka njg m;a fkdfõ' iuia;hla f,i .;a l, jhi wjqreÿ 60ka miqj fndfyda fofkl=f.a ld¾hh lsÍfï úNj;djh l%ufhka wvq fõ' ta fya;=fjka fndfyda iudc l%u ;=< fuu jhia uÜgfuka miqj Tjqkag úfõl ,nd fokq olakg yels h' fuf,i /lshdfjka úfõl ,nd .ekSu i`oyd ld,h ,nd ÿkak o m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajh ;=< § tf,i ish¨ jev lghq;=j,ska bj;a ù iïmQ¾Kfhkau úfõl ,nd .ekSula isÿ fkdùu úfYAI;ajhls' ulaksido h;a tu jhia uÜgu;a iu. Tjqka tlajru wl%sh mqoa.,hska njg m;a fkdjk ksid h' ta wkqj Tjqka ;j ÿrg;a hï hï ld¾hhka lsßfuys kshla; fjhs'
Y%S ,dxflah iudcfhys l=gqïN wNHka;rfhys fukau l=gqïNfhka mßNdysrj o jeäysáhkag fndfyda fihska f.!rj lr;s' .%dóh wxYfhys jeäysáhkag Wiia f,i ie,lSu iy Tjqka fjkqfjka bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hh fldgi fndfyda ÿrg jeä msßilf.a wd.u jk fn!oaO wd.u yd ne§ mj;S' l=vd l< mgkau jeäysáhkag f.!rj lsÍu yd lSlre ùug b.ekafõ' fujeks iudc ixialD;shl isák jeäysáhkag iudcfha kdhl;ajh ksrka;rfhka ysñ jk w;r" idïm%Odhsl w.hka mj;ajd f.k hdfï § tys uQ,sl;ajh o Tjqkag ,efnk ,È' ksji ;=< fouõmshka jk w;r iudch ;=< § Tjqka jeäysá lñgqjls' miq ld,h ;=< § .%dóh uÜgfï fuu kdhl;ajh fnfyúka M,odhS jk wkaoug l%shd;aul úh' úfYaIfhka tfia jQfha cd;sfNAo u;= jQ wjia:djkays ;SrK .ekSu Wfoid h' idïm%Odhsl iudch ;=< l=gqïN m%Odkshd jYfhka ksjfiys lghq;=j,g l%shdldÍj iyNd.S fkdjk wjia:djkays § tu ld¾hh fldgi mq;=kag mjrkq ,efí' tfy;a m%Odkshd f,i l%shd lsÍfï n,h tf,iu mj;sk w;r fndfyda wjia:djkays § Tyqf.a ;SrKhkag mlaImd;S ùu isÿ fõ' wd¾Ól jYfhka M,odhs njla fkd;snqK o jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj mjqf,ys idudcslhka w;frys hï ie,lSula we;af;a bvï whs;sh Tyq i;= neúks' fndfyda úg idudðlhka w;r Wreuhka mjrd fok ;=re jeäysáhkag hï n,hla ;sfí' bvï md,kh lrkakdg wd¾Ól jákdlula fukau lS¾;shla o we;' wfkla w;g Tyqg mjq, ms<sn`oj fukau ;reK mrïmrdj ms<sn`oj o lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj ;sfí' j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfjys jeäysáhka ioyd mj;sk Wiia f.!rjh ;=<ska fuu iïm%Odhka wkq.ukh lsÍfï iaÓr Ndjh meyeÈ,s fõ'
úfoaYslhkaf.a meñKsu iy md,kh fya;= fldg f.k iïm%Odhslj mj;ajd f.k f.k wd wd¾Ól rgdjka l%ufhka ì§ .sfha h' tys m%;sM,hka f,i we;s jQ ld¾ólrKh" kd.ÍlrKh yd kùlrKh ;=<ska iudc ia:djrNdjhg ndOd muqKqjk ,È' zmjqf,ys jeäysáhka /ln,d .; hq;=hZ hkak ms<s.kq ,enQj o fjkia jk wd¾Ól iy iudÔh ;;a;ajhka hgf;ys mqoa.,hka fuu j.lSfuka bj;a ùug W;aidy lr;s' ta fya;=fjka úúOdldrfhaa fjkialï fukau .eg¨ o we;s ù we;'
jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .ekSfï § fuh m%Odk wxY 02 la hgf;a yÿkd .; yelsh' ta wkqj
1. l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
2. iudch ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
jYfhka Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .; yel'
4.1 l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
jhia.;jQjkaf.a l=gqïN ld¾hNdrh b;d mq¿,a fCIa;%hl jHdma;j mj;S' ta wkqj l=gqïNfhys wdodhï Wmhkakd (earner)" wdrlaIlhd (guard)" fiajlhd (servant)" WmfoaYlhd (advicer) jYfhka iEu wxYhlau yd neÿkq mq¿,a jHdma;shla iys; ld¾hNdrhla fudyqg mejÍ we;'
4.1.1 l=gqïNfhys wdodhï Wmhkakdf.a ld¾hNdrh
fndfyduhla l=gqïNhkays wdodhï bmehSfï ld¾hhfha § jhia.;jQjkag ,efnkqfha iqúfYaI ia:dkhls' ta wkqj iEu l=gqïNhlu jhia.;jQjka wl%Sh mqoa.,hka f,i Ôj;a fkdjk w;ru il%Sh f,i Rcq yd jl% wdldrfhka wdodhï bmeoùfï ld¾hhfha ksr; fjhs' m%Odk jYfhkau fudjqka lDIs l¾udka;h yd neÿkq úúO wxYj, fiajd kshqla; ùula yÿkd .; yels h' Bg wu;rj l=vd mßudK jHdmdr lghq;=j," tkï is,a,r fj<`o jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdu" f.j;= fNda. wf,ú lsÍu" ieye,a¨ /lshdjka ys ksr; ùu wdÈh ;=<ska wdodhï bmehSfï ud¾. idod f.k we;'
je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.; ck.ykfhka 41]la fiajd kshqla;j we;s w;r ;j;a 41]la .Dy lghq;=j, ksr; fõ' ;j o 19]la jev l< fkdyels ;;a;ajfha miq fõ' kuq;a fudjqkaf.a fiajd kshqla; ùu mQ¾K ld,Sk fkdùu;a" jhi wjqreÿ 60g wvq mqoa.,hl=f.a fiajdj yd iei§fï§ idfmalaIj wvq w.hla$ wvq jákdlula .ekSu;a" cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h jeks o¾Ylhka ilia lsÍfï § jeo.;a o¾Ylhla f,i fkdie,lSu;a ksid fjkau iudch ;=< ksis w.h lsÍulg ,la j ke;'
lDIs ld¾ñl wxYh ;=< fNda. j.d lsÍfï isg wiajkq fk<Su olajd o" bka wk;=rej wiajkq Y=oaO lsrSu" fõ,Su" .nvd lsrSu jeks wjia:dj,oS o fudyqf.a fiajh b;d jeo.;a ù we;' m%Odk jYfhkau ù f.dú;ek uq,a fldg .;a fiajd kshqla;shla fuu l<dmfhys fmkakqï lrk w;r" Bg wu;rj f.j;= j.djka lsÍu ;=<ska iDcq yd jl% wdldrfhka wdodhï bmehSu;a" l=gqïNfha mßfNdack wjYH;djhka ioyd fhdod .ekSug wjYH øjH ksmoùu;a fudyq w;ska isÿ fõ' óg wu;rj ;u mjqf,a {d;Skaf.a" ys;ñ;=rkaf.a úúO lghq;= j,§ o m%;s,dNhla wfmalaId fkdlru fiajh iemhSug fudjqka iQodkï h'
j.=j wxl 1 - je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=<
jhia.;jQjkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh
jhi ;;a;ajh | mqreI | ia;%S | ||||
60-65 | 65-70 | 70g jeä | 60-65 | 65-70 | 70g jeä | |
fiajd kshqla; .Dy lghq;= jev l< fkdyels | 88.8 - 11.1 | 50.0 25.0 25.0 | 33.3 33.3 33.3 | 27.2 63.6 09.0 | 16.6 66.6 16.6 | - 50.0 50.0 |
100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | |
uQ,dY%h( ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;
jhia.;jQjka Tjqkaf.a fiajh iemhSfï § tlu jhia uÜgu ;=< o ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh wkqj fiajd iemhSu úúO ù we;' fudjqka w;ßka fiajd kshqla; jQjkaf.ka nyq;rh mqreIhka jk w;r" .Dy lghq;=j, fhfok m%udKfhka nyq;rh ldka;dfjda fj;s' jhia uÜgu j¾Okh fj;au Tjqkaf.a fiajd iemhSug olajk idfmalaIl odhl;ajh o fõ.fhka my< hdula olakg we;' iEu jhia uÜgul§u jev l< fkdyels mqoa.,hka yÿkd .ekSug yels h' jhi wjqreÿ 70 blauùu;a iu. mqreI fiajd kshqla;sfha YS>% my< hdula yÿkd .ekSug yels jqj o" ldka;djka .Dy lghq;=j,g olajk odhl;ajh fuu jhia iSudfõ § wvq jkafka idfmalaIj b;d fiñks' ta wkqj Tjqka jhia.;jqj o l=gqïNfha ld¾hhka lsÍfï § ta fjkqfjka lem ù isák nj fuu.ska meyeÈ,s h[1]'
je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.;jQjka w;r wdodhï jHdma;sh wOHhkh lrk úg fmkS hkafka fudjqkaf.ka 57] la re' 2000'00 g wvq wdodhula udislj Wmhkakka jk w;r" re' 5000'00 g by< wdodhula udislj Wmhkakka we;af;a jhia.;jQjka w;ßka 5] l msßila muKla njhs ^j.=j wxl 14 n,kak&' iuia;hla f,i fuu l<dmfha idudkH udisl wdodhu remsh,a 1000'00 -2000'00 w;r jHdma; ù we;s wdldrhla o y`ÿkd .ekSug yelsh'
m%ia;drh 1
j.=j wxl 2: je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha jhia.; jQjkaf.a
wdodhï jHdma;sh- 2006
wdodhï ldKavh | ixLHd;h | jhia.; m%lafIams; ck.ykh | m%;sY;h | ||
1000 g wvq 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5000g jeä | 05 16 09 04 02 01 | 47820 - - - - - | 6251 - - - - - | 0845 2703 1520 0676 0338 0169 | 13.5 43.2 24.3 10.8 05.4 02.7 |
tl;=j | 37 | 47820 | 6251 | 6251 | 100.0 |
uQ,dY%h: ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;
fuf,i wdodhï Wmhkakka w;r jhia.; ck ixLHdfjka 5]la muK mjqf,a m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakka jYfhka lghq;= lrk w;r" wfkla l=gqïNhkays jhia.;jQjkag wu;rj ;j;a idudðlhka wdodhï bmehSfï ksr; ù isà[4]' fuu 5]la muK jk jhia.; m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakkaf.a orejka ;ju;a wOHdmksl ùu" úrelshdfjka fm<Su" W!K fiajd kshqla; ùu jeks fya;= ksidfjka fuu jhia.;jQjkag ;ju;a mjqf,a úYd, nrla oeÍug isÿj we;'
4.1.2. jhia.;jQjka l=gqïNh ;=< fiajlhd f,i
jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh wOHhkh lsÍfï § yÿkd.; yels ;j;a jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla Tjqka úiska bgq lrhs' ta wkqj Tyqg l=gqïNh ;=< fiajlhd f,i lghq;= lsÍug o isÿj we;' jhia.;ùu;a iu. Ôú;fha ld¾hh nyq,;ajh wvq ùu;a" ;ekam;a ukd mßK; nqoaêhlska hqla; ùu;a" úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hNdrhla fkdue;s ùu;a" ldhsl Yla;sh fmrg idfmalaIj wvq ùu;a jeks lrekq ksid jhia.; jQ mqoa.,hl= l=gqïNh ;=< ieye,a¨ fiajd iemhqïlrejl= jYfhka ls%hd;aul fõ'
ta wkqj ksjfia yd f.j;af;a msßisÿ lsÍï lghq;=" orejkaf.a orejka tkï uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhka /ln,d .ekSu" fmdaIKh lsÍu" mdi,g$<ore mdi,g /f.k hdu yd kej; /f.k tau" Tjqka msßisÿ lsÍu" ksjdi yd foam, wdrlaId lsÍu" f.org wjYH uq¿;ekaf.or øjH /ia lsÍu jeks lghq;= rdYshla fudyqg mejÍ we;'
fuu m%dfoaYSh f,alï n, m%foaYh ;=< jhia.; ish¿u ck.ykh Ôú;fha flÈkl fyda ;u orejkaf.a orejka" ;u ifydaor-ifydaoßhkaf.a orejka /l n,d .ekSug iydh ù we;' óg wu;rj fudjqkaf.ka nyq;rh uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhka mdi,g /f.k hdu" /f.k tau" orejkag myiqjla jYfhka Tjqkaf.a <uhska /ln,d .ekSu" fmdaIKh lsÍu jeks ldrKdj,§ Wmßu odhl;ajhla olajd we;s w;r" Wojq Wmldr lsÍfï§ lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka tu lghq;= bgq fldg fkdue;s nj;a ;u hq;=lula f,i muKla i,ld Bg iydh ùu;a isÿ fldg we;[5]'
4.1.3 jhia.;jQjka l=gqïNh ;=< WmfoaYlhd f,i ld¾hNdrh
ukd w;aoelSï iuqodhla yd mßK;Ndjh ksidu jhia.;jQjka mjqf,a m%Odk WmfoaYlhd jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' ta wkqj fuf,iska WmfoaYkh iemhSu o Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrhla njg m;aj we;' úfYaIfhkau W;aij wjia:djkaj,§ pdß;%-jdß;% iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia iemhSu" orejkaf.a Ôú;fha úúO ixÈia:dkj,§ Bg wjYH hï hï Wmfoia yd Ndú;d lrk l%ufõohka" l< hq;=$ uqqyqK Èh hq;= wdldrh" yd fjk;a Wmfoia iemhSu" bvï yd iïnkaO úúO w¾nqO wjia:djkays § ;u w;aoelSï yd oekqu Tjqkag ,nd §u" merKs isß;a-úß;a" pdß;%-jdß;%" flï l%u" lshd foñka tajd u;= mrmqrg ohdo lsÍu" .Dy md,khg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd §u" orejka hy u`. heùu wd§ jYfhka WmfoaYk ld¾hfhys ksr; fjhs'
je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha § lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj fmkS hkafka tys ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § 97]lau fudjqkaf.a iydh ta ioyd wfmalaId lrk ,o njhs' fï wkqj ;SrK .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjkaf.a woyiaj, we;s jákdlu ñka ukdj fmkakqï lrhs'
jhia.;jQjka w;r o ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § jhia.; mqreIhskaf.a ;SrK tu jhfia ia;%Ska .kakd ;SrKj,g jvd jeä m%n,;djhla $jákdlula ,nd f.k we;s nj fï ms<sn`oj lrk ,o wOHhkfha § fy<s úh' ia;%sh uQ,sl jQ l=gqïNhkays ;SrK .ekSfï § wehf.ka ta ms<sn`oj iydh me;=j o" weh úiska fuu wjia:dfõ l=gqïNfhys jeäuy,a mqreIhd ^mq;d& .kakd ;SrKh yd tl`. jqks'
foam, j;alï iïnkaOfhka we;s ;;a;ajh fidhd ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka jhi wjqreÿ 65 ka by< jhia ldKavhkaf.a ck ixLHdfjka nyq;rh ;ukaf.ka miq tu foam, ;u orejkag fjka lr we;s njhs' ta wkqj tu jhia.; ck ixLHdfjka 81% la muK ;udf.ka miq whs;sh orejkag mjrd ;snQ w;r" 14% l m%udKhla miq whs;sh ìßog mjrd ;snqKs' Tjqka w;ßka 05% whs;sh lsisjl=g mjrd fkd;snqks' fuf,i j;alï mejÍfï § Tjqka uQ,slju wfmalaId fldg we;af;a ;udf.ka miqj tu bvï whs;sh ;u orejka" ìßo hgf;a mj;ajd .ekSug hs' fuys § zorejka foudmshkag u;= Èkhl i<lkq we;ehsZZ foudmshka n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd ;sìu o fuu mjrd§ï yuqfõ olakg ,enqks'
4.2. jhia.;jQjkaf.a iudc ld¾hNdrh
l=gqïN /il tl;=fjka iudch ilia ù we;s w;r" l=gqïN .kakd ;SrKj, wjidk m%;sM, o wjidkfha úirKh jkqfha iudch ;=<g hs' óg wu;rj fmdÿfõ mqoa.,hka iudch ;=< § o hï hï iduQysl ;SrK .ekSï isÿ lrhs' fuf,iska iudch ;=< jeo.;a fmdÿ ;SrK .ekSfï § tys ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhla jhia.;jQjka w;ska bgq fõ' ta wkqj .sys-meúÈ[6] hk fomsßiu fujeks iudch ;=< b;d jeo.;a fõ'
jhia.;jqkaf.a iudc ld¾hNdrh ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï § úfYaIfhka hï hï yÈis úm;a wjia:djl § msysg ùu wruqKq fldg iduQysl ye.Sfuka hqla;j we;s lr .kakd ,o úúO wdldrfha lKavdhï b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' úúO kdu hgf;a msysgqjd we;s fuu iñ;s jHdmdr" tkï urKdOdr iñ;s" wfkHdakHdOdr iñ;s jeks fmdÿ tallj, § fukau" lDIs ld¾ñl wruqKq ioyd msysgqjk ,o f.dú iñ;s wdÈfhys § o" fudjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh b;d jeo.;a fõ' Tjqka È.= ld,hla mqrd fCIa;%fha ksr; w;aoelSï yd m<mqreoao iys; mqoa.,hka ùu ksidfjkau Tjqka i;=j fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug ufydamldÍ jk úúO l%ufõohka we;'
.x j;=r" iq<s iq<x" kdh hdï jeks wjia:dj, § yÈis wdmod iyk lghq;=j, § ksis kdhl;ajhla wfmalaId l, yelafla fydo mßK; w;aoelSï iys; mqoa.,hkaf.ka h' ta wkqj wjYH Wmldr ksis fõ,djg ksis ;ekg fhduq lsÍfu jeks mqoa., yeisr ùu jeks ld¾hka fudjqka w;ska isÿ fõ'
fuf,iskau jhia.;jQjkag iudch ;=< we;s jk m%Yak úi§fuys,d Tjqka i;=j we;af;a o úYsIag Yla;shls' ta wkqj .eg¨ iys; mqoa.,hska le`ojd fyda Tjqka tl;= fldg ksis Wmfoia ,nd §u ;=<ska iyfhda.S;djh j¾Okh lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fï fya;= fjkau fndfyda úg idu úksiqre jeks jákd iudc fiajl ;k;=re o fudjqka úiska ysñlr .kshs' tu ;k;=re Tjqka fj; m%Odkh lsÍu ;=<ska wfmalaId lrkqfha fudjqka i;= .eg¨ úi§fï yelshdj ;=<ska we;s jk .eg¨ tys uQ, wjia:dfõu wjika lsÍug hss' .%dóh uÜgfï msysgqjd we;s l=vdu wêlrK tallh jk iu: uKav,fha ld¾hNdrh yd jhia.; mqoa., odhl;ajh f.k ne¨jfyd;a fmkS hkafka jhia.;jQjka i;= úplaIKNdjh ksidfjka mqoa.,hka w;r fukau mjq,a w;r o we;s jk .egqïj,ska fndfyduhlg id¾:l m%;sl¾uhla ,efnk njhs' cd;sfNao" l=<fNao jeks wjia:dj,§ we;s jk .eg¿ úi§fï m%Odk ;Srlhka f,i fudjqka l%shd;aul ùu ffoksl Ôú;fha olakg we;s fydou ksoiqk hs'
úfYaIfhkau jhia.;jQjkaf.a wd.ñl Nla;sh o Tjqkag my< wjêj, isákd mqoa.,hkag idfmaalaIj by< uÜgl mj;S' Tjqka wd.ug oyug ióm ùu yd ;reKhka yd tlaj úúO wdldrfha iduQysl l%shdldrlï isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska Tjqka i;= w;aoelSï iudchg úirKh lsÍfï lÈu uQ,hla njg m;aj we;' fï u.ska jerÈ ud¾. fj;g fhduq ùu iSud lr .ekSug;a tluq;=lu yd iyÔjkh j¾Okh lr .eksug;a yelshdj ,eî we;'
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