m<uqjk mrsÉfþoh
ck.ykh jhia.;ùu yeÈkaùu
1.1. wOHhk .eg¨j yeÈkaùu
1.2. m%cd úoHd;aul me;slv iy úhm;ajQjka
1.3. wOHhkh lsÍfuys we;s jeo.;alu
1.4. idys;H úu¾Ykh
1.5. wOHhk wruqKq
m<uqjk mrsÉfþoh
ck.ykh jhia.;ùu yeÈkaùu
1.1. wOHhk .eg¨j yeÈkaùu
ck.ykh úhm;aùu fyj;a jhia.;ùu hkq jeäysá jhia ldKavh uq¿ ck.ykhg idfmalaIj j¾Okh ùuhs' tkï iuia: ck.ykh ;=< jhi wjqreÿ 60 fyda bka by< fldgfiys m%udKd;aul w.h idfmalaIl f,i by<hdu f,i fmdÿfõ w¾:l:kh lrhs ^o is,ajd" 2000( ms¡19&' fuu jhia.; ldKavfhys idfmalaIl by<hdu u¾:H;djh[1] ^mortality& yd idm,H;djh[2] ^fertility& hk m%cd úoHd;aul ixisoaê foflys meyeÈ,s wvqúfuys m%;sM,hla f,i yÿkd .kS (De Silva, 1994, Pp. 19 – 36).
jhia.;ùfï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okfha w;=reM,hla f,i isÿjk neúka" fuu jhia.;jk ck.ykfhys j¾OkSh ;;a;ajhla uQ,slj yÿkd.ekSug yels jkqfha ÈhqKq ixj¾ê; rgj,§ h' ld¾ólrKh (Industrialisation)" kd.ÍlrKh (urbanization) fuu rgj, fN!;sl yd iudc ;;a;ajh by< kexùug ufydamldÍ ù we;' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i tu iudchkaf.a isÿjk urK ixLHdj my< w.hla lrd meñK we;' wfkla w;g fuu ixj¾ê; rgj, mj;sk iudc l%uhkag wkqj mjqf,a Y%uh jeo.;a idOlhla fkdùu;a yd orejka iïm;a f,i w.h fkdlsÍu;a hk m%Odk idOl fol fya;=fjka idm,H;djh o YS>% my< neiSulg ,laj we;' ta wkqj fujeks ixj¾ê; iudchl by< Ôjk ;;a;ajh yuqfõ wdhq wfmalaIKfhys j¾Okhla o isÿùu ksid jhia.; ck ixLHdj l%ñlj by< hdula yÿkd.; yelsh'
fndfyda ixj¾ê; rgj,a ck ixLHdj úhm;aùu;a iu`. we;sjk ;;a;ajh ;u rfgys wNsjDoaêh ioyd fhdod f.k we;' fuu rgj,a jhia.;ùfï l%shdj,sh;a iu`. we;sjk <ud hemqï wkqmd;h wvqùfuys jdish Tjqka jhia.; hemqï u.ska we;s lrkq ,nk mSvkh mshjd oeóu ioyd;a iy fuf;la <ud hemqï fjkqfjka fjkaalrkq ,o m%;smdok bka bj;afldg rfgys fjk;a ixj¾Ok ld¾hhka i`oyd wdfhdackh lsÍu;a ;=<ska Tjqka fuu .eg¿j chf.k we;'
kuq;a ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rgj,a wd¾Ól ÿIalr;djhka yd fN!;sl- udkj iïm;aj, mj;akd fkdfhl=;a .eg¨ ksidfjka fuu wjia:dfõ we;s jk Wmßu M,hka rfgys fN!;sl- udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okhg iy tys .=K;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu ioyd fyda wd¾Ól jHQyfhys meyeÈ,s fjkila we;s lrK fCIa;%fj; fuu uqo,a wdfhdack udre lsÍug m%udKj;a yelshdjla ,eî fkdue;'
fmr olajk ,o wdldrhg fuu úhm;aùfï .eg¨j we;s jkqfha ixj¾ê; rgj, hs' tu rgj, wd¾Ól yd iudðh ixj¾Ok uÜgu by<hdu fya;=fjka u¾:H;djh m<uqj my< nisk ,o w;r" fojkqj idm,H;djh my< nisk ,È' kuq;a Y%S ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh f.k wOHhkh lrk l,ays fmkS hk jeo.;a ixisoaêh jkqfha ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla f,i fuu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §ug isÿùu hs'
Y%S ,xldj ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgla jqj o" 19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha isg u¾:H;djh fõ.fhka my< neiSula yÿkd.; yel' ksoyi ,nd .;a wjêfha mgka mej;s iEu rchlau fi!LH yd iudc iqN idOkh ioyd m%uqL;djh ,nd fok wdldrhg lghq;= lsÍfuys m%;sM,hla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ fi!LH yd fmdaIK uÜgu by<hdu u¾;H;djh my<hdug n,mdk ,o m%Odk fya;=jla úh' uef,aßhd u¾ok jHdmdrh" fi!LH yd wOHdmk fCIa;%fha we;s jQ fõ.j;a ixj¾Okh u¾:H;djh wvqùu flfrys m%Odk f,i n,mdk ,o w;r u¾:H;djh my<hdu;a iu.u wdhqq wfmalaIKfha fõ.j;a j¾Okhla o isÿ úh'
1946 j¾Ifha § uef,aßhdj fya;=fjka urK 12"578 la jd¾;d jq w;r" 1952 j¾Ifha § th 1"049 olajd 91.66% l m%.;shla fmkakqï lrñka wvq ù we;' fuh ;j ÿrg;a wvq ù 1960 j¾Ifha § urK 61 la njg m;aù we;' wurfialr ^1996 Tlaf;dan¾&" olajk wdldrhg 1960 oYlfha furg Ôj;a jQjkaf.ka 11% la uef,aßhd u¾ok jHdmdrh ksid Ôj;ajQjka nj fmkajd fohs'
wfkla w;g wd¾Ól yelshdjka wNsnjd m%cd úoHd;aul wxYh bÈßhg meñKSula Y%S ,xldj iïnkaOfhka olakg we;' fï ioyd n,mdk ,o m%Odku idOlh ù we;af;a 1950 oYlfha isg werô ck.yk j¾Okh md,kh lsÍfï m%;sm;a;Ska h' 1953 § mjq,a fi!LH ixúOdkh jev lghq;= wdrïN lsÍu;a" 1958 § ,xld rch iaùvka rch iu. —m%cd mjq,a ie,iqï Èß .ekaùfï kshuq jHdmD;sh˜ weröu;a idM,H;djh my< jeàug m%n, fya;=jla úh ^wdrÉÑ" 2002( ms¡ 34&' fuhg wu;rj miq ld,Skj l%shd;aul jQ ck.yk md,kh lsÍfï úúO jev igyka o idM,H;djh wvqlsÍu ioyd m%n, f,i n,mdkakg úh'
miq .sh oYl fol-;=k ;=< ,dxlsl iudch kùlrKhg (modernization) yiqùu" kd.ÍlrKh (urbanization)" úfoaYhkag jk ixl%uK (migration) by<hdu" ldka;d Y%un,ld iyNd.S;ajh (female labour force) by< hdu[3] hkdoS iudc wd¾Ól fjkialï fya;=fjka idM,H;djh fõ.fhka wvqjkakg úh ^De Silva" 1994" Pp' 19-36&' u¾:H;djh yd idM,H;djh my< neiSfï m%;sM,hla f,i ck ixLHd msróvfha m;=< l%ñlj mgqùulg ,la jQ w;r" YS¾Ih mdohg idfmalaIj mq¿,aùula fmkakqï lrk ,È'
jhia.;ùfï ks¾Kdhl fuhhehs ksYaÑ;j m%ldY lsÍu ;rula .eg¨ iy.; fõ' ráka rgg" f.da;% wkqj" iudc l%u wkqj" wdh;ksl w¾: oelaùï wkqj ks¾jpkSh fjkialï mj;S' fuf,i ks¾jpkSh fjkialï muKla fkdj" iuyr ck iudc l%uhka tkï m%d:ñl ck iudc (primary Societies) yd kQ;k ld¾ñl ck iudc (modern Societies) jhia.; mqoa.,hka yd olajk in`o;djh o tlsfklg fjkia fõ' iudch úiska YdÍßl .;s ,laIK Tiafia o jhia.;ùu ;SrKh lrhs' ta wkqj iuyr jhiska wvq mqoa.,hska ldhsl jYfhka ÿ¾j, ù we;s w;r" jhiska by< .sh o YdÍßl jYfhka mßydkshg ,la fkdjQ msßila o iudcfha isáhs'
WodyrKhla f,i ´iafÜ%,shdfõ wrekagdjreka (Arunta) wjqreÿ 50 la .; jQ mqoa.,hl= uy,a,l= f,i i,lk w;r" fudjqka jhia.;ùu Nd.Hhla fldg i,lhs' ms,smSkfha b.rÜjre ^Bontolk Igorat& wjqreÿ 45l mqoa.,hl= uy,a,l= f,i i,lhs[4]' kuq;a ol=Kq wm%sldfõ nqIaukajre ^Bushman& uy,a,l= f,i i,lkafka Tyqf.a fyda wehf.a orejkaf.a ysi flia iqÿ jQ úghs' ta wkqj Tjqka ;uka jhia.; ù we;snj oek.;a miq iudchg nrla hehs is;d jk.;ùu" ishÈú ydks lr.ekSu isÿ lrhs ^wurfialr" 2001( ms' 133 yd fmf¾rd" 2004( ms' 116-147&'
idudkHfhka Y%S ,xldfõ jhia.;ùu ms<sn`o ks¾Kdhlh f,i jhi wjqreÿ 55 - 60 w;r ld,h i,lkq ,nhs' rdcH wxYfha wdh;k jhi wjqreÿ 55 § fiajlhka úY%du .kajkq ,nk w;r mqoa.,sl jHjidhlhska th wjqreÿ 60 oS isÿ lrkq ,nhs' tfiau úYaj úoHd, jeks Wiia wOHdmk lafIA;%fha wdh;khkays § fuu jhia iSudj wjqreÿ 65la olajd bÈßhg .uka lrhs' rdcH fiajdfõ o jhi wjqreÿ 55 ka fiajlhka úY%du .ekajqj o Tjqkaf.a reÑl;ajh yd fi!LH ;;a;ajhu; úY%duhdfï Wmßu ld, iSudj jhi wjqreÿ 60 olajd mj;S' wdh;k wkqj o fujeksu fjkia jQ w¾: oelaùï yÿkd.; yelsh' YS% ,xld uy nexl=j úiska jhi wjqreÿ 15-60 w;r ldKavh Y%u n,ldhg we;=,;a lrkq ,nk w;r ck f,aLK yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=jg wkqj fuu jhia iSudj jhi wjqreÿ 15-64 olajd fõ'
ck.yk úoHd{hka jhia.; ck.ykh ldKav 03 la hgf;a úia;r lrhs¡ jhi wjqreÿ 60 isg 69 olajd jQ ck.ykh —wvqfjkau jhia.;˜ ^young - old& f,i o" wjqreÿ 70 isg 80 w;r ck.ykh —jvd jhia.;˜ ^old - old& f,i o" jhi wjqreÿ 80 g jeä ck.ykh —jvd;au jhia.;˜ ^oldest - old& ck.ykh f,iska olajd we; ^isßfiak iy ohdr;ak" 2001$2002( ms' 49&'
j.=j wxl 1 - ol=Kq wdishdkq rgj, uq¿ idm,H;d wkqmd;h" wdhq
wfmalaIKh iy jhi wjqreÿ 60 jeä ckixLHd m%;sY;h
fuu j.=j wxl 01 ys oelafjk ixLHd igykg wkqj Y%S ,xldj fiiq wdishd;sl rgj,g idfmalaIj wdhq wfmalaIKh yd jhia.; ck ixLHdj w;ska bÈßfhka isák w;ru idm,H;d wkqmd;slh wju w.hla .kakd rg nj o yÿkd.; yels h' uq¿ idm,H;d wkqmd;h 1985$90 g idfmalaIj 2005$10 § 22]lska my< niskq ,nk w;r" wdhq wfmalaIKh fuu ld,fha § 6]lska by<g .uka lsÍula yÿkd.; yels h' jhia.; m%;sY;h 1975- 2000 w;r ld,h ;=< 69]lska j¾Okh ù we;s w;r 2000- 2025 w;r ld,fha § fuu w.h 94]lska by< k.skq we;s njg m%lafIamKh lr we;'
m%ia;drh 1 uq,dY%h( l;D úiska ilia lrk ,È
m%ia;drh wxl 01 u.ska fmkakqï lrkqfha ol=Kq wdishd;sl rgj, jhia.;ùfï wkqmd;h uq¿ ck ixLHdjg idfmalaIl w.hhs' fï wkqj Y%S ,xldj fiiq wdishd;sl rgj,a wNsnjd by<u ia:dkhla ysñlrf.k we;snj fmkShhs[5]'
1.2. m%cd úoHd;aul me;slv iy úhm;ajQjka
ol=Kq wdishdkq l<dmh iuia;hla f,i by< idm,H;d wkqmd;slhla yd uOH wdhq wfmalaIdjla fmkakqï lrkq ,nk l<dmhls' fuh iuyrla rgj,a iïnkaOfhka i;Hhla jqj" Y%S ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh iïnkaOfhka i;Hhla fkdfj hs'
Y%S ,xldj 1936 j¾Ifha § o< Wm;a wkqmd;slh 34.1% isg 2001 j¾Ih jkúg 18.9% olajd jir 65 la ;=< 45]lska my<hdula fmkajhs' o< urK wkqmd;slh 1936 § oyilg 21.8 isg 2001 jk úg oyilg 5.9 olajd jir 65l ld,h ;=< 72]lska my< nei ;sfí' ud;D urK wkqmd;slh 1946 § iÔù Wm;a oyilg 15.5 isg 1991 jkúg oyilg 0.4 olajd jir 45la ;=< 97]lska my< nei we;' 1946 § iÔù Wm;a oyilg 141la jQ <ore urK wkqmd;h 2000 jkúg iÔù Wm;a oyilg 13 olajd miq.sh jir 45l ld,h ;=< 91]lska my< nei we;[6] ^j.=j wxl 02&'
j.=j wxl 2 Y%S ,xldfõ o< Wm;a" o< urK" <ore urK iy ud;D urK wkqmd;slhka 1936-2001 olajd
j¾Ih
|
o< Wm;a Z00
|
o< urK Z00
|
j¾Ih
|
<ore urK Z000
|
ud;D urK Z000
|
1936
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
|
34.1
35.6
39.8
35.8
30.4
28.2
21.7
18.9
|
21.8
18.3
12.9
08.0
07.7
05.9
05.8
05.9
|
1946
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2000
|
141
78
52
45
30
18
13
|
15.5
05.8
02.5
01.4
00.6
00.4
N.A.
|
uq,dY%h( http://www.statistic.lk
1945 j¾Ifha § mqreIhskaf.a iy ia;%Skaf.a idlaIr;djh jQ ms<sfj<ska 70%la iy 44%la jQ w.h 1981 oS mqreIhskaf.a 87%la olajd o" ia;%Skaf.a 83%la olajd o" Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIKh 1945 § mqreIhkaf.a yd ia;%Skaf.a ms<sfj,ska wjqreÿ 43 iy 42 isg" 1981 jkúg ms<sfj<ska wjqreÿ 68 yd 72 olajd j¾Okh úh ^j.=j wxl 03&'
uOH jd¾Isl tal mqoa., wdodhu 1990 § remsh,a 18"934.00 la o"2000 § th remsh,a 68"102.00 la o" 2004 jk úg remsh,a 103"347.00 la olajd o by< f.dia we;'
j.=j wxl 3: Y%S ,xldfõ miq .sh jir lsysmhl wdhq wfmalaIKh iy idlaIr;djh
j¾Ih
|
wdhq wfmalaIKh
|
idlaIr;djh
| ||
mqreI
|
ia;%s
|
mqreI
|
ia;%s
| |
1945
1955
1965
1970
1981
1991
|
43.3
58.8
63.7
64.2
67.7
70.1
|
41.6
57.5
65.0
66.9
72.1
74.8
|
70.1
80.7
85.6
85.8
87.2
-
|
43.8
55.6
67.3
70.9
83.2
-
|
uQ,dY%h( Statistical Pocket Book 2003" Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j 2004"
l;D ixfYdaOk iys;j
m%ia;drh 2 uQ,dYh( l;D úiska ilia lrk ,os
Y%S ,xldfõ jhi wjqreÿ 60 iy Bg by< ck ixLHdj 1946 È uq¿ ck ixLHdfjka 5.4% la jQ w;r 1991 § th 8.1% olajd 50]lska by< f.dia we;' fï flfrys idm,H;dj" u¾:H;dj yd úfoaYhkag jk ixl%uKj, n,mEu we;s ù we;' j.=j wxl 01 u.ska olajk ,o wdldrhg idm,H;djfha wvq ùu;a" j.= wxl 02 u.ska olajk ,o wdldrhg úúO wxYhkaf.a u¾:H;djh my< neiSu;a" ;reK jevl< yels jhfia cd;Hka;r msgùï ^emigration&[7] m%udKh by<hdu;a fuu jhia .; ldKavh by<hdu flfrys n,md we;' o is,ajd ^1994&" olajk wdldrhg fuu idOl fya;=fjka Y%S ,xldfõ jhia.;ùfï wkqmd;h 1981–2011 jkúg fo.=Khlska j¾Okh jk w;r 2031 jkúg jhia.;ùfï wkqmd;h 22% l uágula .kq we;ehs olajhs'
j.=j wxl 04 : 1946 - 2031 olajd Y%S ,xldfõ jhia ixhq;sh yd ck.yk j¾Okh
j¾Ih
|
uq¿ ck.ykh
|
jhi wjqreÿ 60 +
|
jhi 60+ uq¿ ck.ykfhys m%;sY;hla f,i
|
jd¾Isl j¾Ok fõ.h
|
1946
1953
1963
1971
1981
1991
2001
2011
2021
2021
2031
|
6657
8098
10582
12690
14847
17259
19015
20873
22324
22324
23129
|
0360
0437
0621
0807
0986
1399
1907
2742
3980
3980
5062
|
05.4
05.4
05.9
06.3
06.6
08.1
10.0
13.1
17.8
17.8
21.9
|
-
2.80
2.63
2.22
1.67
1.46
0.97
0.93
0.67
0.67
0.35
|
uQ,dY%h( o is,ajd ^1994&" l;D ixialrK iys;j
o is,ajd ^1994&" jeä ÿrg;a olajk wdldrhg uq¿ idm,H;d wkqmd;h 2001-2006 w;r ld, mßÉfÊofha § 2.1% olajd meñfKk w;r 2021- 2026 jkúg 1.7% olajd my< hkq we;' ta wkqj <ud ck.ykh tkï jhi wjqreÿ 15 g wvq ck ixLHdj 1953 § 40% isg 1991 jkúg 31% olajd my< niskq we;s w;r 2021 § th 20%l w.hla .kq we;' fï wkqj ck.yk msróvfha m;=, ishqï f,i mgq jk w;r YS¾Ih mq¿,a ùula yÿkd .ekSug yelsh'
hemqï wkqmd;h[8] ^dependency ratio& ms<sn`oj i,ld n,k l<" 1963 § jhi wjqreÿ 15- 59 w;r jev lrk ck.ykfhka 76% la <ud hefmkakka jQ w;r 1991 jkúg fuu w.h 49% olajd o" 2031 jkúg 26% olajd o my< hhs' jhia.; hemqï wkqmd;h 1963 § 6'5% l w.hl isg 1991 jk úg 09% olajd o" 2031 jkúg 24% olajd o" by< hkq we;s' 1946 § jhia.;ùfï o¾Ylh[9] ^Ageing index& jQ 9% w.h 1981 jkúg 12% olajd o" 2001 § 27% olajd o" 2031 § 93% olajd o fjkiafjñkaa mj;S[10] ^j.=j wxl 05 n,kak&'
j.=j wxl 05 ( Y%S ,xldfõ hemqï wkqmd;h 1946 - 2031 olajd
j¾Ih
|
;reK hemqï
|
jhia.; hemqï
|
uq¿ hemqï
|
1946
1963
1981
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
2026
2031
|
62.8
75.5
58.2
49.2
42.4
37.0
34.7
33.1
31.4
29.3
27.5
26.1
|
05.8
06.5
07.1
08.5
09.3
10.1
11.1
12.7
15.1
18.1
21.4
24.4
|
68.6
82.0
65.4
57.7
51.7
47.1
45.8
48.8
46.4
47.4
49.0
50.5
|
1.3. wOHhkh lsÍfï we;s jeo.;alu
ck.ykh jhia.;ùu ms<sn`oj wOHhkh lsÍu ld,Sk jeo.;alula orhs' thg fya;=j jhia.; ck ixLHdfõ m%udKh idfmalaIj by<hdu wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl" ixialD;sl wd§ jYfhka iEu lafIa;%hlgu n,mEï t,a, lrkq ,nk neúks' fuu n,mEï fya;=fjka iEu fCIa;%hlu fkdfhla wdldrfha .eg¿ ks¾udKhùug mq¿jk' The World Health Report" 2003 fmkajd fok wdldrhg wo jkúg f,dj jhi wjqreÿ 60 blau jQ jhia.;jQjka o',' 600 la isákq ,nk nj;a" 2025 jkúg fuu w.h fo.=Khla jk nj;a" 2050 jkúg ì,shk 02 blaujkq ,nk nj;a olajd we;' fuys we;s úfYAI;ajh kï fuu by<hk ixLHdfjka nyq;rh ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rgj,a ksfhdackh lsÍuhs'
jhia.;ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d yd Wjukd" is;=ï me;=ï" yeisÍï rgd hkdoS ish,a,u fmrg jvd fjkiaùu idudkH ixisoaêhls' kuq;a fujekakla wvq jhia.; ck ixLHdjla isák iudchla ;=<ska fydÈka biau;= ù fkdfmfkk w;r" jhia.; ck ixLHdj by<hdu;a iu`.u fydoska biau;= ù fmfkhs' fujeks miqìula ;=< jhia.; ck ixLHdj ms<sn`oj wOHhkh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fuu jeo.;alu wxY lsysmhla hgf;a oelaúh yelsh'
w' wd¾Ól jYfhka we;s jeo.;alu
jhia.;jqj o tu ck;djg iudch ;=< wNsudkfhka Ôj;a ùug yels úh hq;= h' fï ioyd Tjqkag uq,Huh jYfhka hï Yla;shla ;sìh hq;=h' fuu Yla;sh hï mqoa.,hl=f.a fyda lKavdhul Wojq Wmldr ,eîula ;=<ska" ;ud i;= foam, fyda fjk;a jl% wdldrfhka .,d tk wdodhï ud¾.hla fyda mjqf,a whl= úiska fmdaIKh lsÍula úh yelsh' rcfha fiajfhka ks;Hkql+,j úY%du hk ks,Odßfhl=g úY%du jegqmla ysñ fõ' fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ks,Odßfhl=g fiajl w¾: idOl wruqof,ka yd fjk;a f.ùï lrkq ,nk wdh;k u.ska ^rlaIK iud.ï jeks wdh;k& hïhï f.ùï ysñ fõ' kuq;a /lshdjla fkdlr jhia.; jQ mqoa.,hl=g jqj o iudch ;=< Ôj;aùug hï idOdrK wdodhï ud¾.hla mej;sh hq;=h' tfia;a fkdue;s kï Tjqka Ôj;a lrùug lsishï mqoa.,hl=" wdh;khla bÈßm;a úh hq;=h' tfia fkdjqj fyd;a Tyqg jhia.;jqj o jy,l= mßÈ Ôj;aùug isÿ fõ'
ck iïu; jdohg wkqj mqoa.,hl= wl%Shnjg m;a jQ miq Tyq tu iudc l%uh ;=<ska bj;a ùula$ lsÍula olakg yels h' kuq;a wdh;ksl w¾: oelaùu wkqj jhia.;jQj o Tyqf.ka bgqjQ yd bgqjk fiajdj fukau Tyq i;= w;aoelSï o iudchg b;du;a jeo.;ajQjla úh yelsh' fuf,iska iudchg jeo.;a mqoa.,hska ms<snoj wOHhkh lsÍug ,eîfuys jeo.;alula mj;S' wfkla w;g fudjqka Ôú;fha jeo.;au wjêfha rfÜ Wkak;sh fjkqfjka iqúi,a ld¾hNdrhla fldg wo úfõl iqjfhka l,a f.jkjd úh yel' fudjqkaf.a fiajh wo fkd,efnk neúka iudchg kqiqÿiaika fia i,ld fkdi,ld yeÍula l< yels o@
zmqoa.,hl=f.a l%shdldÍ;ajh fuu iSudfjka fl<jr fõZ hehs mejish fkdyel' úfYaIfhkau lDIs ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha mqoa., odhl;ajh ne¨j fyd;a Tjqkag fuÈk úY%du .; hq;= hehs fldysj;a ioyka fldg ke;' th ldhsl Yla;sh u; ;SrKh jkakls' tjeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a iudc odhl;ajh fidhd ne,Sug fujeks wOHhkhla isÿ lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
jhia.;jQjka ioyd wdodhï .,d tAfï l%u rdYshla mj;S' WodyrKhla f,i uyck wdOdr" iuDoaê jeks È<sÿ iykdOdr" rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.ska ,nd fok wdOdr Wmldr" wi,ajeis m%cdj fj;ska ,efnk uQ,Huh yd uQ,Huh fkdjk Wmldr fuys § jeo.;a fõ' ta wkqj jhia.; jQjka Ôj;a jkafka flfia o@" Tjqkaf.a wdodhï .,dtk ud¾. ms<sn`oj wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels h'
fuys § úúO l%u u.ska ,efnk wdOdr Wmldr Tjqka l=uk ld¾hhka i`oyd fhdod .kafka o@ hkak jeo.;a fõ' b;=reï" wdfhdack lghq;= ioyd fldmuK uqo,la fhdojkjd o@" mßfNdack ld¾hh ioyd fldmuK uqo,la fhdojkjd o@ wd§ jYfhka fidhd ne,Su isÿ l< yelsh'
mjqf,a ixLHdfjka lSfofkl=g wdodhï ud¾. mj;S o? tf,i we;s wdodhï ud¾. uq¿ mjqf,au hemSu ioyd m%udKj;a o? jhia.;jQjka u.ska fmdaIKhjk mjq,a" mqoa.,hka ;ju isà o@ hkak fidhd ne,Su ioyd o fuh jeo.;a fõ'
wd' iudÔh jYfhka we;s jeo.;alu
jhia.;ùu;a iu`. we;sjk wdfõKsl frda. j¾. mj;S' fuu frda. j¾. ioyd ksis m%;sldr lsÍug wjYH fõ' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a th yqÿ Ôú;h wysñ ùula olajd .uka l< yels h' ta wkqj jhia.;ùu;a iu`. T!IO ,nd .ekSfï § ms<s.;a wdh;khla$ mqoa.,hl= fj;ska m%;sldr ,nd fkd.ekSu" T!IO ñ, § .ekSfï § ta ioyd úYd, uqo,la jehlsÍug isÿùu" ta ioyd ÿr neyerg hd hq;= ùu" legqj hdug flfkl= fkdue;s ùu" iudch Tjqkag wldreKsl ùu" fmÿ u.S m%jdyk fiajdj, ksis myiqlï Tjqka fjkqfjka ilid fkd;sîu" wd§ úúO .eg¨ jhia.;jQjka yuqfõ mj;S'
jhia.;jqkaf.a nqoaêh yd oekqu B<`. mrïmrdjg úirKh fõ' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i w;S;fha mgka fï olajd talSh f,i mj;akd iudc wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla wmg ysñ ù we;' jhia.;jQjka i;= oekqu iudchg úirKh jkafka o? tu oekqug iudcfhka b,a¨ula mj;S o? hkak fidhd ne,Su jeo.;a h' jhia.;ùu;a iu`. foam, yd j;alï iïnkaOj fnodoSï flf,i isÿù we;a o@ hkak wOHhkg wjia:dj fuu.ska ,efnhs'
mS;D uq,sl iudc l%uhla mj;sk fyhska mjqf,a wd¾Ól jYfhka il%Sh ld¾h Ndrh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka mqreI md¾Yjfhka o?" ia;%S md¾Yjfhka o? hkak fidhd ne,Sug fuh wjia:djla ùu'
tfiau jhia.;jqjka foi iudch n,kafka Tjqka iudchg lsishï fyda jevodhl fkdjQjl= f,iska o? iudch fj;ska Tjqkaf.a woyiaj,g ksis ia:dkhla ,efnkjd o? hkak y`ÿkd .ekSug yelshdjla mj;S'
jeäysá ksjdi iïnkaOfhka Tjqka olajk wdl,amh fln`ÿ o@ hkak yÿkd .ekSug wjia:dj fu;=<ska ,efí'
Èfkka Èk N+ñfha ys`.nj ksid bÈjkq ,nk uy,a ksjdi Tjqkaf.a ixprK rgdjkag fln`ÿ wdldrfha n,mEula we;sfldg we;a o? jhia.;ùu;a iu`. yqol,d Ôú;hlg mqreÿ jk Tjqka mqj;am;a ne,Su" iu jhialrejka iu`. iuQy idlÉPd ioyd fm<öu" ffoksl f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Sfï reÑh wdÈh flfrys fln`ÿ wdldrfha fm<öula olajkafka o@ hkak yÿkd .ekSug yelsh'
foaYmd,ksl jYfhka n,mEï lsÍfï yelshdj fldf;la o? foaYmd,k n, lKavdhï flfrys Tjqka olajk n,mEfï m%udKh yd fmr,d tu wxY fj;ska olajk m%;spdrh" ckaoh u.ska we;sl, yels n,mEu yÿkd .ekSug wjia:djla ùu fuys,d jeo.;afõ'
b' ixialD;sluh jYfhka we;s jeo.;alu
jhia.;ùu;a iu`. fmrg jvd Od¾ñlùula Tjqka ;=< we;a o@ hkak mÍlaId lsÍug yel' iS, jHdmdrhkag iyNd.Sùu" oka§fï lghq;=j,g iyNd.Sùu fln`ÿ o@ hkak yÿkd .ekSug fuh b;d jeo.;a fõ'
fy< YsIagdpdrh ;=< foudmsh yd ¥ore in`o;dj b;d by<ska mj;S' wo tu ino;d kùlrKhg yiqù we;s neúka orejka hq;=lula f,i i,ld ksis f,i foudmsh fmdaIKh isÿ lrkafka o@ foudmshka orejka iEoSu ;=<ska n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wruqK bgqfõ o@ hkak ms<sn`oj o fidhd ne,Sug yel'
B' N+f.da, úoHd;aul jeo.;alu
ck.yk wOHhkh tla úIhlg muKla iSudjQjla fkdfõ' ta ms<sn`oj úúO úIh Odrdjka Tiafia wOHhkhg ,la lrhs' fk,aikag wkqj “Population studies are the concern of many discipline including demography and other social sciences like Sociology, History and Economics …”' fï wkqj fmkS hkafka fuh fmdÿ úIh ud;Dldjla ù we;s njhs' kuq;a N+f.da, úoHdj hkq wjldYhSh úúO;ajh wOHhkh lrkq ,nk úIhls' ck.ykh wjldYhSh úúO;ajh we;s lsÍfuys,d n,mdk m%Odk idOlh neúka ck.ykfha hï hï fjkia ùï wjldYsh rgd fjkia lsÍu flfrys uQ,sl fjhs' ck.ykfha <ud ldKavh by< hkafka kï wkd.; ck ixLHdjgjk n,mEu fln`ÿ o? idm,H;dj" u¾:H;dj" ixl%uKj, n,mEu fln`ÿo? jhia.; ldKavh by< fyda my< hdfï m%;sM, fudkjd o? wd§ jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍu N+f.da, úoHd;aulj jeo.;a fõ'
fujeks fya;= idOl ksidfjka jhia.;ùu ;=<ska we;sjk úúO m%;sM,hka N+f.da, úoHdj hgf;a .%yKh lr .ekSug yelsùu ksid fuu wOHhkfhys N+f.da, úoHd;aul jeo.;alula mj;S'
1.4. idys;H úu¾Ykh
úisjk ishjfia fojk Nd.h wd¾Ól" iudcSh fukau m%cd úoHd;aul úm¾hdi f,dj mqrd fõ.fhka l%shd;aul fjñka mej;s wjêhls' Y%S ,xldj j¾. m%udKfhka l=vd" yqol,d rgla jqj o" f.da,Sh ;;a;ajhkaf.a n,mEug k;=j we;' ta wkqj 1963 § ck.ykfha wjqreÿ 14g wvq m%;sY;h 41] isg 1996$97 jkúg 25] la olajd o" wjqreÿ 26 g jeä m%;sY;h 37] isg 1996$97 jk úg 52] la olajd o fjkia jQ w;r ^Wijerathne, 1999: P.05&" 2025 jkúg mqreI wdhqq wfmalaIKh wjqreÿ 75 olajd o ia;%S wdhqq wfmalaIKh wjqreÿ 80 olajd o by< hhs (Jegarasasingam,1999:P.26). fuu ck.ykh fjkiaùfuys m%;sM, wLKavju bÈßhg .uka lrk w;r" ta wkqj jhia jHQyh ;=< jeäysá m%;sY;h by<hdug;a" <ud m%;sY;h my<hdug;a fuu ixisoaêh fya;= idOl fõ'
ck.ykh jhia.;ùu flfrys idM,H;djh yd u¾:H;djh m%Odk f,iska n,mdkq w;r" u¾:H;djh my< jeàu m%cd úoHd;aul ixl%dka;sfha m<uq wÈhfrys § isÿ úh¡ u¾:H;dj my< jeàu flfrys <ud urK" ud;D urK" jeäysá urK ^o< urK& wd§ jQ iEu wxYhlu isÿ jQ urK ixLHdj my< neiSu n,mdk ,o w;r fuys m%;sM,hla f,i Wmf;a § wdhq wfmalaIdj by< hk ,È ^ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól m%.;sh" 1998&¡
idM,H;djfha wvqùu o ck.ykh jhia.;ùu flfrys Rcqju n,mdk ,È' wfífldaka ^2003 ck$ud¾;=&" g wkqj ldka;djka újdy jk jhia iSudj by<hdu" úúO Wm;a md,k l%u wkq.ukh lsÍu" wOHdmksl ùu iy rcfha ck.yk md,k m%;sm;a;Ska idM,H;djh wvqùu flfrys fya;= ù we;'
1970 § ñ,shk 200 la jQ f,dal jhia.; ck.ykh 1980 jkúg ñ,shk 258 la olajd;a" 1990 jkúg ñ,shk 297 la olajd;a" 2000 jkúg ñ,shk 426 olajd;a j¾Okh úh¡ ñka wvla muK wdishdfõ Ôj;a jQ w;r bka 45] lau ol=Kq wdishdfõ Ôj;a úh ^isßfiak yd ohdr;ak"2001$2002(ms¡45&¡
jhia.; ck.ykh j¾Okh ùu ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;akd rglg uqyqK mEug jk wNsfhda.d;aul .eg¿jla f,i yÿkd f.k we;' thg fya;= ù we;af;a fudjqka jhia.; hefmkakka njg m;ajk ksid h¡ kuq;a fuys § iodpdrd;aul m%Yakhla u;= fõ¡ fudjqka furg mqrjeishkaùu;a" yelshdj we;s wjêfha § rfÜ ksIamdokhg l%shdj,shg odhlùu;a ;=< Tjqka fkdi,ld yeÍula isÿ l< yels o hkak m%Yakh hs'
o is,ajd ^2000&" isßfiak yd ohdr;ak ^2001$2002&" olajk wdldrhg fuu jhia.; mqoa.,hka Rcq yd jl% wdldrfhka lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;=j,§ yd wfkl=;a lghq;=j, § olajkqfha úYd, odhl;ajhls' idudkHfhka jhia.; mqoa.,hka ldhsl Yla;sh ySk ù tla;eka jk ;=reu Tjqka yels muKska l=gqïNfhys úúO wjia:dj, § úúO wdldrfhka l%shd;aul fõ' fï fya;=fjka jhia.;jQjka fkdi,ld yerSula isÿl, fkdyels nj olajhs'
Dissanayake and Kulatanthri (2004)" g wkqj jhia.; ùu wd¾Ól j¾Okhg" b;=reï wkqmd;hg" wdfhdack uÜgug" mßfNdack uÜgug" Y%u fj<o fmd<g" úY%du jegqma jeks iqNidOk fËa;%hkag fukau Pkao rgdj ;SrKh lsÍu flfrys o n,mdk nj olajhs' Y%S ,xldj wksl=;a ixj¾Okh jk rgj,a yd ixikaokh lrkúg úêu;a wxYh ^rdcHh wxYh& hï ;rulska fyda jhia.;jQjka ioyd myiqlï iemhSug bÈßm;ajqj o wúêu;a wxYh ^fm!oa.,sl wxYh& myiqlï iemhSu flfrys olajd we;af;a ÿ¾j, m%;spdrhla nj o olajhs'
isßfiak" yd nKavdr ^2001/2002&" g wkqj YS% ,xldfõ ;ju;a jfhdajDO wjêhg t<fUk iEu mqrjeisfhl=gu úY%du jegqmla ,nd.ekSug l%uhla yÿkajd § fkdue;s nj;a" úêu;a f,i rdcH fiajfhka úY%du hk mqrjeishkag úY%du .sh miq Tjqka Ôj;ajk ;=re iy Tjqkaf.a Nd¾hdjkaf.a hemSu ioyd úYdu jegqma rch u.ska ,ndfok nj;a olajhs' Y%S ,xld uy nexl= jd¾:dj ^1996&" olajk wdldrhg 1982 j¾Ifha § úY%du jegqma ,nd§u ioyd rch o, cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fhka 1'6]la jeh l< w;r 1988 j¾Ifha § th o'cd'ks'j,ska 1'9]la nj;a" 1996 j¾Ifha§ fuu w.h o'cd'ks'j,ska 2'0]la tkï remsh,a oY ,laI 15"465la nj;a olajhs' 1996 j¾Ifha § muKla Y%S ,xldfõ w¿;ska úY%du ldKavhg tla jq ixLHdj 8000la muK njo mejfia' uy nexl=j olajk wdldrhg fuh rchg úYd, nrls[11]'
fuf,iska jhia.;jQjka yd ineÈ úúO jQ wdldrfha m%Yak mej;sh o Tjqkaf.a iqNidOkh Wfoid rcfha uQ,sl;ajfhka lghq;= rdYshla l%shd;aul fldg we;' Wicramasingha, (“Second World Assemble on Ageing”" 11th April 2002 in http://www.un.org/ageing/coverage/SriLankaE.htm&g wkqj úfYaIfhkau rchlg ;ksju jhia.;jQjka iqrlaId lsÍfï ld¾hNdrh wmyiqjk w;r" tys § Wojq Wmldr lsÍug leu;s mqoa.,hka" wdh;k iïnkaOlr .ksñka fuu ld¾hh bgq lrk nj olajhs' fuys § Y%S ,xldj úhdkd wka;¾ cd;sl ie,eiau iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o uQ, O¾uhkag wkq.;j jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍug lghq;= lrknj;a ta ioyd ESCAP, UNDA iy Helpage Sri Lanka jeks wdh;k iu. miq .sh úis jir ;=< tla ù úYd, fiajhla jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka bgq fldg we;s nj olajhs' miq.sh ld,h ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a iqNidOkhg wjYH fndfyda mshjrhka iudc fiajd wud;HdxYh yryd f.k we;s nj o olajhs[12]' De Silva (1994" Pp 19-36)" olajk wdldrhg ol=Kq wdishdfõ jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka we;slrk ,o b;d id¾:l l%uhla jk úY%du jegqma l%uh (Pensions or provident funds) Y%S ,xldfõ jhia.;jQjkaf.ka 30]la N=la;súosk nj;a" uyck iydfhka ;j;a 10]la wdrlaId jk nj;a olajhs'
fï wdldrhg ck.ykh jhia.;ùu iïnkaOj isÿlrk ,o wOHhkhka mej;sh o tu wOHhkhka isÿ lrkq ,en we;af;a mq¿,a cd;sl uÜgfuks' kuq;a .%dóh uÜgfuka ^.%du ks,OdÍ fldÜGdi uÜgfuka& isÿ jQ wOHhkhka fidhd .ekSu mjd wmyiq ;;a;ajhl mj;S¡ l=vd m%foaYhla f.k wOHhkh lsÍfï § tys ie.jqKq iQlaIu ,laIK u;= lr .ekSug yelshdjla mej;sh o cd;sl uÜgfï wOHhkhka lsÍfï § tjeks iQlaIu ,laIK u;= lr .ekSug we;s yelshdj wvq uÜgul mj;S¡ Bg fya;= jkafka mq¿,a jYfhka wOHhkh lsÍfï § iQlaIu ,laIK fkdfmkS hduhs'
tneúka l=vd m%foaYhla f.k wOHhkh lsÍu ld,Skj jákdlula iys; neúka o ta ms<sn`oj isÿfldg we;s wOHhkhka m%udKd;aul fkdjk neúka o wOHhkh lsÍu ld,Sk wjYH;djhls¡
1.5. wOHhk wruqK
ck.ykh ;=< jhia.; ck ixLHdj idfmalaIlj by<hdu fya;=fjka úúO .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhka we;sfõ' fuf,i we;sjk .eg¨ ish,a, fujeks wOHhkhla ;=<ska yeoEÍug wmyiqjk neúka yÿkd.;a wruqKq lsysmhla ms<sn`oj muKla wOHhkh lsÍug woyialr we;'
1. jhia.; ck ixLHdjl m%cd úoHd;aul ,laIK rgdj yÿkd .ekSu
§ ck.ykfhys jhia jHQyh yÿkd .ekSu
§ mqñ;sß wkqmd;h yÿkd .ekSu
§ wdhq wfmalaIKh yÿkd .ekSu
§ hemqï wkqmd;h yÿkd .ekSu
§ wdodhu jHdma;sh yÿkd .ekSu
2. jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd.ekSu
§ l=gqïNNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
§ iudch ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
3. jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨" tu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug f.k we;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqNidOkh bgqjk wdldrh yÿkd .ekSu
hkak ms<sn`oj wOHhkhla lsÍu fuys wruqK fõ'
[3] 1946 j¾Ifha§ 18] laj mej;s ldka;d Y%u iyNd.S;aj wkqmd;h 1986 jkúg 25] olajd jeä úh' bka miqj .; jQ iEu j¾Ihl§u fuu w.h l%ñlj by< hk ,È'
[5] wdishdfõ jhia.;jQjkaf.a jeäu w.hla jd¾;d jkafka cmdkfhks' The World Health Report 2003 wkqj Ökh yd kdhs,ka;fha fuu w.h 15] blaujd we;'
[6] http://www.statistic.lk
[7] To leave your own country to go and live permanently in another country (Oxford Advance learner’s Compass, 2005)
[8] <ud hemqï wkqmd;h hkq jev lrk jhfia ck.ykhg wjqreÿ 15g wvq lSfofkla fmdaIKh lsÍug we;ao hkakhs' jeäysá hemqï wkqmd;h hkq jev lrk jhfia ck.ykhg wjqreÿ 60g jeä lSfofkla fmdaIKh lsÍug we;ao hkakhs'
[9] jhia.;ùfï o¾Ylh hkq <ud ck.ykhg idfmalaIj jeäysá .ykfha m%udKhhs' fuys§ ck f,aLK yd ixLHd f,aLK fomd¾;fïka;=j jeäysáhka f,i .Kkh lrkafka wjqreÿ 65g by< ck.yKhhs'
[11] Y%S ,xld uy nexl=j" ^1996&
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