Conclution

6.     ks.ukh yd fhackd

jhia.;jQjka ixj¾Ok l%shd oduhg tlalr .ekSu jeo.;ajk ksid ta ioyd úfYAI ie<iqï ilialr .ekSu msKsi rch iQodkï úh hq;=h' jhia.;jQjka ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhg tlalr .ekSu" l=gqïNfhys yd fmdÿ iudc lghq;=j, fh§ug Wkkaÿ lrùu" jhia;.;jQjkag fukau iudchg o ys;lr h' ck.yk j¾Okh iSudùu iudchg ys;lr wd¾Ól jdis /ila /f.k tk l%shdj,shla jQj o" ta yd iïnkaO jhia.;ùu ms<sn`o .eg¿jg bÈß wkd.;fha § iuia: rggu uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ' úfYaIfhka fuf;la jhia.;jQjkaf.a wdrlaIdj ie,iQ orejkaf.a ixLHdj wvqfj;au tu j.lSu id¾:lj bgqlsÍug m%udKj;a msßila iudcfha fkdisàu jhia.;jQjkag muKla fkdj fmdÿfõ iudchgu uqyqK mEug isÿ jk m%Yakhls' fuu ;;a;ajh je<laúh fkdyelalls' tuksid tu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §ug iqÿiq mßirhla f.dv ke.Su ioyd oeka isgu ie<iqï lsÍu w;HjYHh'

oekg we;s w;aoelSïj,ska fmkS hkafka fï .ek m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù ke;s njhs' m%:ufhkau wjYH ck úoHd;aul f;dr;=re /ialr .ekSu ioyd Wkkaÿ úh hq;af;a ie<iqïlrKfha § uqyqK§ug we;s jhia.;ùu yd iïnkaO .eg¿ ms<sn`oj h:d wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu ioyd h' tjeks m¾fhaIK u.ska iudcfha ish¿ fokdu oekqj;a ùu;a iu.u jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj we;s wdl,amj, fjkiaùula o n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsh'

jhia.;jQjkaf.a uQ,Huh" fi!LHh yd udkisl wjYH;d ms<sn`o lghq;= lsÍu ioyd ie,iqï iïmdokh jeo.;a jkafka tu wjYH;d bgq fkdl< úg we;sjk m%;sM,h uq¿ iudchu flfrys n,mE yels ksid h' tuksid jhia.;jQjka iudchg wNsfhda.hla muKla fkdj iudch i;= iïm;la f,i o i,ld ta ms<sn`oj wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a h' fuu .eg¨j,g úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl úiÿï ,ndÈh yels kuqÿ w;HjYH udkisl iykh ,nd §u msKsi iqÿiq ls%hd ud¾.hka fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o w;HjYH h' fuys § mjq,a ixia:dj Yla;su;a lsÍu;a" jhia.;jQjkag wjYH fiajdjka iemhSu ioyd Bg wjYH myiqlï imhd §u;a jeo.;a h'

jhia.;jQjka i;= iïm%Odhsl iy ;dlaIKsl oekqu mjq,a ixia:dj u.ska iudchg ,nd.ekSu ioyd iqÿiq mßirhla we;slsÍu jeo.;a jk w;r" Tjqkag fi!LH iïmkak l%shdldÍ cSú;hla .;lsÍug ie,iaùu uq¿ iudcfhau j.lSula yeáhg ie,lsh hq;=h' Tjqka l%shdldÍ msßila f,ig È.gu mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd iqÿiq iajhx /lshd wdÈh ioyd wjYH myiqlï ie,iSu;a" ta ms<sn`oj Wkkaÿ lrùu;a" fmdÿfõ iudchg jdis f.k fokakls' mjq, Yla;su;a lsÍfï § úia;D; mjq,a ioyd wjYH ksjdi ie,iqï lsÍu" /lshdfõ kshe<s orejkaf.a myiqj ioyd jeäysáhkayg oyj,a ld,h ;=< wjYH /ljrKh iemhsh yels uOHia:dk we;slsÍu" jeks myiqlï ie,iSu ioyd Wkkaÿùu jeo.;a fõ'

rcfha ie,iqï iïmdokfha § jhia.;jQjka o iudcfha fldgila f,i ie,lSu w;HdjYHjk w;r rch u.ska iqN idOkh ioyd fjkalrk ,o m%;smdokj,ska úfYaI fldgila jhia.;jQjkaf.a iqNidOkh ioyd fjkalsÍu w;HjYH h' fjkiajk iudc wd¾Ól miqìu ;=< foudmshka orejka ,eîfï mrud¾: fjkiafjñka mj;akd fyhska fuf;la jhia.; jQ úg n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wdrlaIdj ioyd orejka yodjvd .eksu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu wvqfjñka mj;S' tu ksid jhia.;jQjkag wju Ôjk l%uhla ,nd .ekSu ioyd iqÿiq wd¾Ól /ljrKh ,nd §fuka mjq, u; megfjk nr ,sys,a ùu yd mjq, ;=< Tjqka rojd,Su ioyd Wmldr jkjdg ielhla fkdue;' tu.ska foudmshka Tjqkg nrlajkjdh hk ye`.Su orejka ;=<ska bj;a ùug bv ie,fia' rcfha fkdjk wdh;k oekg jhia.; jQjkag wjYH we;eï myiqlï ie<iSu ioyd flfrk lghq;=j, § rch o Tjqka iu. lsÜgqj lghq;= lsÍfuka rch u; megfjk nr ,sys,a lr .ekSu msKsi iqÿiq l%shd ud¾.hka Èh;a lsÍu wjYH fõ' .fuka k.rhg isÿ jk ixl%uK ksid .ïj, b;sßjk jhia.;jQjkaf.a udkisl wjYH;d ioyd;a" ie<iqïlrKh jeo.;a fõ'

tfukau jhia.; jQ mqreIhkaf.a wjYH;d fndfyda úg ia;%Ska w;ska bgqjkafka Tjqka mqreIhkag jvd È.= l,la Ôj;ajk fyhsks' tfy;a jhia.; jQ ia;%Ska fndfydaúg yqol,djk ksid Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn`oj o wjfndaOhlska hqla;j ie<iqï lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'

fuf,i mjq,a ixia:dj fjkia fjñka mj;sk fyhska jhia.; jQjkaf.a iEu wjYH;djhlau imhd§ug fjkiajk mjq,g fkdyels h' tfy;a ;ju;a tu ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï j.lSu iEu mjq,lgu mejÍ ;sfí' th tla;rd ÿrlg mjq, u.ska bgqlrk nj o fkdryils' tfy;a kd.ÍlrKh ksid;a .fuka k.rhg ixl%uKhùu ksid;a tu ld¾hh bgqlsÍu flfuka wisre ;;a;ajhg m;afjñka mj;sk w;r" tu l%shdoduh ;=< jhia.; foudmshkaf.a orejkafukau orejkaf.a orejka o wirKùula oelsh yels iq,N ;;a;ajhls' fuu ;;a;ajh ;rula fyda ÿrg u`.yrjd .ekSu ioyd mjq,a ixia:dj Yla;su;a lsÍu w;HjYHj mj;S' tu ksid mjq,aj,g tu ld¾hNdrh bgqlsÍu ioyd wjYH myiqlï imhd§u jeo.;a fõ'

ksjdi ie,iqïlrKfha § yd iemhSfï§;a" mjqf,a wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh kxjd,Sfï§;aa" jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .ekSfï§;a" rcfhka wdOdr iemhSfï§;a jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj wjOdkh wksjd¾hfhkau fhduq l< hq;=h'

iudch ;=< ;ju;a foudmshka yd orejka tlsfkldf.a wjYH;djhka wfkHdakHj bgqlr .ekSu isÿjk ksid jfhdajDoaêlhkaf.a wjYH;djhka ioyd hï hï jevigyka fhÈh yels fj;;a" Tjqkag wjYH udkisl iykh mjq, ;=<ska ,efnk neúka Bg ndodjk ;SrK .ekSfuka je<lsh hq;=h'

j¾;udkfha ck úoHd{hskaf.a iy rcfha mQ¾K wjOdkh mjq,a ie,iqï lsÍug;a ck.ykh md,kh lsÍug;a fhduqù we;' tfy;a ck.ykh jhia.;ùu flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù fkdue;' flfia fj;;a oekg isÿfjñka mj;sk ck úoHd;aul l%shdj,sh n,kúg jeäl,a fkdf.dia jhia.;ùu b;d ne?reï iudc m%Yakhlaùug bv we;' th md,kh l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a ùug fmr ta .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

tfukau rch úiska jhia.;jQjka iudcfha w;HjYH fldgila f,i i,ld Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djhka ioyd wjYH uqo,a m%;smdok m%udKj;a f,i iemhSu isÿ l< hq;=h' cd;sl ixj¾Okh ie,iqïlrKfha § tu wjYH;djhka o wjOdkhg .ekSu wksjd¾hh fõ' jhia.;jQjka m%Odk iudc m%Njfhka fjka fkdfldg Tjqka fl,skau iïnkaO lr.ekSu flfrys W;aiql úh hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a yelshdjka yd w;aoelSï iudcfha wjYH;djhka bgqlr .ekSu ioyd Wmfhda.Sfldg .; yel' iEu flfklau jhia.;Ndjhg Ôú;fha tla;rd wjia:djl § m;ajk neúka" nd," ;reK" yd jfhdajDO hk iEu ck fldgila u iudcfha w;HjYH fldgila f,i i,ld yeu fofklau ksIamdok lghq;=j,g iïnkaOlr .ekSu ioyd ie,iqï lsÍu M,odhS fõ' oekg mj;sk ;;a;ajhka hgf;a fndfyda úg jhia.;jQjka mjq,g yd rchg nrla f,i ie,fla' t ksid Tjqka wirK msßilah hk ye.Su we;sjk w;r Tjqka o iudcfha u fldgila f,ig i,ld tu wdl,am fjkia lsÍu w;HjYH h' jhia.;jQjka o b;d ls%hdldÍ Ôú;hla .; l< yels fldgila yd iudchg úYd, odhl;ajhla l,yels fldgila f,i ie,lSu;a" ta ms<sn`oj Tjqkag o hï wjfndaOhla ,nd§u;a" b;d jeo.;a lreKls' mjq, ;=< yd iudcfha lghq;=j,§ Tjqka neyer lsÍu fjkqjg wd¾Ól iudðh iy fjk;a lghq;=j,g iyNd.S lr .ekSu;a" Tjqkag udkisl ;Dma;sh f.fkk mßÈ wd.ñl lghq;=j, kshe,Sug ie,eiaùu;a w;HjYH jk w;r mjq,a ;=< we;s jk .egqï je<laùu ioyd wjYH oekqu ,nd §u;a jeo.;a h' ta w;ru Tjqka i;= úfYaI yelshdjka iudcfha hym; ioyd fhdod .ekSug Wkkaÿ úh hq;=h'

ck udOH u.ska jhia.;jQjka iïnkaOfhka oekqu uyck;djg ,nd §u yd iudc lghq;=j,§ Tjqka iyNd.S lrjd .ekSu ioyd nd, yd ;reK msßia iu`. jhia.;jQjka lghq;= lsÍug ie,eiaùfuka Bg iqÿiq mßirh ilia lr .; yel' iEu flfklau jhia.;Ndjhg m;aùu fmdÿ ixisoaêhla nj;a" tneúka tla wjia:djl iudcfha l%shdldÍ ck fldgi B<`. wjia:dfõ § jhia.;jQ fldgi njg m;a jk nj;a iudchla mj;ajd .ekSu ioyd iEu fldgilau iyNd.S;ajh w;HjYHh nj;a fmkajd §u u.ska jhia.; yd jhia.; fkdjk whf.a iyfhda.h ,nd.; yelsh' ta iu.u jhia.; Ôú;h id¾:l tlla njg m;alr .ekSu ioyd fi!LHh iïmkak Ôú;hla .; lsÍug Wkkaÿ lsÍu o l< yelsh'

óg wu;rj fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;slhka úY%du hdfï § fndfyuhla wdh;k ;u wd¾Ól jdis .ek is;Su ksid È.=ld,hla ;u jákd ldhsl yd udkisl Yla;sh iemhQ fiajlhkag ysia w;ska f.or hkakg isÿù we;' tneúka fuu wvqmdvqlï u.yrjd f.k ish¿u fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;khlau fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g odhlfldg fiajlhkag úY%du hdfï § yd wk;=rl § hï wdodhula ,efnk l%uhla lrd hd hq;= h'

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk wvq wdodhï ,nk rgla jqjo rfÜ ck;dj ñ, § .kakd iEu NdKavl§u fukau ñ, § .kakd fiajdjl§u rchg nÿ f.jhs' tneúka rchg fuu nÿ f.jk fukau f.jQ ckhd wu;l fldg hd fkdyel' tneúka fuu jhia.;jQjkag .e<fmk wdldrfha iqNidOk fiajd ie,iSu ioyd ueÈy;aúh hq;= h' ta wkqj fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdj jhia.;jQjkag o Ndú;d l< yels wdrlaIs; mßjyk udOHhla f,i ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h'

úY%du jegqma f.ùfï § fuh rchg úYd, nrlajk neúka fuu jhia.;jQjkaf.a fiajh ;j ÿrg;a ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h' ta wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 60ka úY%du hdfï ld, iSudj ;j ÿrg;a È.= l< hq;=h' túg rchg jk ixl%du úhou hï uÜgulska wju lr .ekSug yelsh'

meh 24 mqrdu l%shd;aul jk .s,ka r: fiajdjla ia:dms; lsÍu jeo.;ajk w;r" jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka úfYaIs; jdÜgq fjka lsÍu" Tjqkag ri úÈh yels ckudOHh l<djla ks¾udKh lsÍu" /ljrK imhkakka mqyqKq lsÍu yd Èßu;a lsÍu" úYaj úoHd, ffjoH Wmdêh bf.k .kakd isiqkag j¾OlyD;Hh ^Geriatrics& úIhla jYfhka we;=,;a lsÍu" wdÈh isÿl< hq;=j we;'

tfukau oekg fuu m%Yakh t;rïu nrm;, tlla fkdjk fyhska idudch ;=< ta ms<sn`oj m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduqfldg fkdue;' ixj¾Okh jQ iudchla ;=<ska,o w;aoelSïj,ska fmkS hkafka ck.ykhla jhia.;ùfï § we;sjk .eg¿j,g uqyqK§u ioyd §¾> ld,Sk ie,iqïlrKh u.ska iQodkïùu wjYH njhs' tfia ke;fyd;a jhia.;ùu yd iïnkaO fkdfhla ixlS¾K .eg¿j,g tljru uqyqK §ug isÿ ùfuka trgg úYd, nrla yd wkjYH j.lSula njg th m;afõ' tu ksid oYl lsysmhlska we;s úh yels ;;a;ajh yd §¾> ld,Sk yd l%udKql+, ie,iqï u.ska iqÿiq ls%hd ud¾.hka bÈßm;a lsÍfuka ck.ykh jhia.;ùu ksid we;sjk .eg¿jg id¾:lj uqyqK§ug yelsjkq we;'

'iudma;hs'

The problems that face the Ageing population and the steps get to settle the problems

miajk mrsÉfþoh

05' jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨" tu .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.kwe;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

5'1 jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨"

5'1'1'wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'1'2'fi!LH" m%jdyk" fjk;a fiajdjka yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'1'3'iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'2 tu .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï

5'2'1'wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug fhÿ ms<shï

 5'2'2'úêu;a wxYh fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug fhÿ ms<shï yd f.k we;s úiÿïj, ;sridr nj idlÉcd lsÍu

miajk mrsÉfþoh

05' jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨" tu .eg¿ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

    5.1  jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

jhia.;jQjkaf.a uQ,sl /ljrKh iy wdrlaIdj imhk tallh l=gqïNh hs' iïm%odhsl úia;D; mjq, ^Extended Family& ì§ kHIaál tallhla ^Nuclear Unit& njg m;a ùfuys m%;sM,hla f,i" iïm%Odhsl Wojq Wmldr u; jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .ekSu mokï jQ jHQyh l%ufhka ì§ hdu werUqKs' 1975 § l=gqïNhl úYd,;ajh ^Family Size& 3'8 la jQ w;r" 1975 jk úg fuh 3'1 olajd wvq úh'[1] fndfyduhla újdyjQjka Tjqkaf.a mjq,a tallh l=vd lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh' ta wkqj orejka ,eîfï ld, iSudj b;d flá l,lg iSud jQ w;r" ldka;djla jhi wjqreÿ 24 § újdy jqfha kï weh orejka ìys lsÍu jhi wjqreÿ 28ka wjika lrkakg fhÈks[2]' fuys Rcq m%;sM,h jQfha ffokslj ck.ykhg w¿;ska tl;= jk m%udKh my< hdu hs' ta wkqj <ud ck.ykh l%ufhka wvq ùug;a" jhia.; ldKavh idfmalaIj by< hdug;a[3] fuh bjy,a úh' fuys n,mEu Rcq yd jl% hk fo wdldrfhkau wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl hk ish¨u jHQyhka ;=<g we;=¿ jkakg úh'

kùlrKh yd kd.ÍlrKhg yiqj we;s iudch ;=< Èfkka Èk úúO wdldrfha .eg¨ ks¾udKh jQ w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i wd¾Ól wmyiq;d we;s ùu" úYd, uQ,H yd Ôjk nrla oeÍug isÿ ùu" udkislj we;s jk mSvkh wêl ùu wd§ jYfhka ;reK mrïmrdj fj; úúO wNsfhda. we;s jkakg úh' úfYAIfhkau fuys§ ;reK- ;reKshka úfoaY /lshd ioyd furáka msg ùu" /lshd ioyd ÿria: m%foaY fj;g ixl%uKh ùu yÿkd .; yels w;r" fuksidu foudmsh /ljrKh yd wdrlaIdj ie<iSfï yelshdj wvq jkakg úh'

fuu ish¨ fya;+ka l=gqïNh uq,a lr .;a jhia.;jQjkag Wojq Wmldr lsÍfï iïm%Odhsl moaO;sh ìo oeóug m%Odk fya;= jQ w;r" fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ieliqkq úêu;a jHQyhl wjYH;djh iudchg fydÈka oefkkakg úh' fï wkqj fujeks iudchla ;=< jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ m%Odk wxY lsysmhla hgf;a ieflúka idlÉcd l< yel'

1.     wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

2.     fi!LH" m%jdyk" fjk;a fiajdjka yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

3.     iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5.1.1.      wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

jhia.;jQjkaf.a wdodhï uÜgu iudcfha wfkl=;a wdodhï ,nk ldKavhkag idfmalaIj my;a ;;a;ajhl mj;S' iuia;hla f,i je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a idudkH udisl wdodhu remsh,a 1500'00la muK úh[4]' tu wdodhu Tjqka uQ,sl wjYH;d ,nd .ekSu ioyd jeh l< miq b;=reï ld¾hh ioyd fho ùug ;rï m%udKj;a uqo,la b;srs fkdùh' tneúka b;sß lsÍug we;s YlH;djh my< f.dia wvq b;=reï we;s ùug th fya;= úh' wvq b;sß lsÍï fuu l<dmhg muKla fkdj iuia; m%foaYhgu n,mEï t,a, lrhs' ta wkqj wvq b;=reï fya;=fjka m%d.aOk wdfhdackhg we;s yelshdj my< f.dia wdfhdack lghq;= wvd, ùug;a" /lshd W;amdokhg we;s yelshdj ySk lsÍug;a fya;= fõ' /lshd wjia:d wd¾Ólh ;=< cks; fkdùu fya;=fjka iuia; .ykfha wdodhï uÜgu my< hdu;a" tksidu fmdaIK W!K;d .eg¨ yg .ekSu;a isÿ fõ' fuh ieflúka olajf;d;a"

j.=j wxl  1- jhia.;jQjka flfrys n,mdk wdodhï úIu pl%h

           uQ,dY%h: l;D úiska ilia lrk ,È'

ksIamdokh by< fkdhdu;a" /lshd wjia:d wd¾Òlh ;=< cks; fkdùu;a ;=< l=gqïN wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh my<g .uka lrhs' fï fya;=fjka iuia; l=gqïNfhau wdodhu my< f.dia orejkag o Ôj;a ùug wmyiq ;;a;ajhla we;s ùu idudkH isÿùu hs' orejkag ksis wdodhï fkdue;s ùu ksidu orejkaf.ka fmdaIKh jk jhia.;jQjkag o ksis fmdaIK ;;a;ajhla fkd,eî hhs' wfkla w;g orejkag o Tjqkaf.a l=gqïN ;=< we;s jk wd¾Ól m%Yak Èfkka Èk W.% ùu ;=< jeäysáhka fj; fhduq lrk wjOdkh wvq lsÍug$ fjk;lg fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ' m%udKj;a /lshd wd¾:slh ;=< fkdue;s ùu;a" mj;akd tu /lshdjkays fiajd kshqla; jqj o" W!K fiajd kshqla;shlska /lshdj lsrSug isÿ ùu ksid;a" /lshdj wm%ikak ùu;a" l=gqïN wdodhï ;;a;ajh my< hdu flfrys;a wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,nkakg úh'

jhia.;jQjka úiska fmdaIKh lrk tkï jhia.;jQjka m%Odk wdodhï bmhSfï ldrlhd jYfhka l%shd;aul jk l=gqïNhkays fujeks wjia:djl § we;s jk ;;a;ajh ;rula ixlS¾K h' jhia.;ùu ksidu wêl f,i Y%uh jeh lsÍug fkdyels ùu;a" jeh lrk Y%uhg ksis f.ùula fkd,eîu;a" myiqfjka mdo yd fldkao ^vertebral column& wdYs%;j we;s jk frda. ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre ùu;a ksid fujeks l=gqïNhl ish¨ fokdu wirK fõ'

udisl wdodhu b;du;a wju uÜgul mj;sk jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ,nd fok rcfha iykdOdr Tjqkaf.a mßfNdackhg o m%udKj;a ù fkdue;' rch u.ska ckiúh" iuDoaê jeks iún, .ekaùfï ls%hd ud¾. yÿkajd ÿkak o" ksjerÈ f,i iólaIK lghq;= isÿ fkdùu yd ksjrÈ ixLHd f,aLK fkdue;s ùu" ksis wëlaIKhlska f;drj fnod yeÍu isÿ ùu" foaYmd,k wêldßfha wkjYH ueÈy;a ùï mej;Su jeks ÿ¾j,;d ksid tajd m%udKj;a f,i jhia.;jQjkag fkd,eî hhs'

óg wu;rj w;S;fha mej;s ñ, o¾Yl u; mokïj ilia lrk ,o iykdOdrhkayss uQ,H jákdlï" mj;akd uQ,H fj<`o fmd< ñ, .Kka iu. ksis f,i hdj;ald,Sk fkdlsÍu ksid uqof,ys uQ¾; w.h my< f.dia fuu msßi wirK ù we;' ta wkqj uyck wdOdr jYfhka ,nd fok uqo,a óg lÈu ksoiqka imhhs' ta wkqj jhia.; tla mqoa.,hl= fjkqfjka uyck wdOdr udislj remsh,a 100'00la ,efnk w;r Tyqg hefmkakl= isák wjia:dfõ fuh remsh,a 120'00 la f,iska o" hefmkakka 02" 03" 05la jYfhka jk wjia:djka ys § ms<sfj<ska remsh,a 150'00" 180'00 yd 250'00 la jYfhka iykdOdrh l%shd;aul fjhs' wkaO mqoa.,fhl=g remsh,a 300'00 la ysñ jk w;r ,dÿre ms<sld frda.sfhl=g fuu uQ,H iykdOdrhg wu;rj remsh,a 500'00 l uqo,la uyck wdOdr hgf;a ysñfõ[5]'

rcfha fiajlhl=g fiajfhka úY%du .ekSu;a iu. úY%du jegqmla ysñ jqj o" fndfyduhla mqoa.,sl wxYfha l=vd mßudK jHjidhlhka ;=< fuf,i fiajfhka bj;aj hkakka yg m%;s,dN f.k §ug ;rï ÈhqKq l%ufõohla ,dxlsl iudc jHqyh ;=< olakg ke; ^fndfyduhla jHdmdr ;u fiajlhska fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,g odhl fkdlrhs&' fï fya;=j ksid mqoa.,sl wxYfha fiajh fldg úY%du hk mqoa.,hdg ysñ jkafka ;ud b;sß lr .;a fohla we;akï muKs' kuq;a ,xflah iudch ;=< b;sß lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a wdodhula l=gqïN wdodhu ;=< fkdue;s ùu yÿkd .; yels m%uqL ,laIKhla jk neúka fuu jhia.;jQjka úhm;a ùu;a iu. ;j ;j;a wirK njg m;a ùula yÿkd .; yelsh'

5.1.2.      fi!LH" m%jdyk yd fjk;a fiajdjka iïnkaO .eg¨

f,dj fndfyduhla rgj, fukau Y%S ,xldfõ o fi!LH fiajdj iqN idOk fiajdjla jYfhka mj;ajd f.k hhs' fuf,i iqN idOk fiajdjla jYfhka mj;ajd f.k .sh o" th m%udKj;a yd M,odhs wdldrfhka isÿ fkdùu .eg¨ we;s lrhs' Bg fya;=j Y%S ,xldj ;=< fi!LH fiajdj mj;ajd f.k hdfï § ld,Sk wjYH;d flfrys fhduq lr we;s wjOdkh$ixfõ§ ùu wvq neúks' Y%S ,xldj f;jk f,dj wvq wdodhï ,nk rgla ùu;a" ta fya;=fjkau úúO úIhhka ioyd fhoúh yels uqo,a m%udKh iSñ; ùu;a oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIKhls[6]' ta wkqj ffjoHjrekaf.a yd mqyqKq frday,a ld¾hh uKav,fha ys`.lu" idhk myiqlï fkdue;s ùu yd mej;sh o th m%udKj;a fkdùu" frday,a WmlrK ys`.h" frday,a w;r we;s N+f.da,Sh ÿria:Ndjh fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ frday,a jHQyh wkqj m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdi lsysmhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ .%dóh frday,la$idhk uOHia:dkhla ne.ska my<u uÜgfï tall msysgqjd we;s w;r" fuu OQrdj,sfha by<skau msysá uy frday,a$ YSlaaIK frday,a msysgqjd we;af;a ck.ykhg idfmalaIj Èia;%slal fyda m<d;a uÜgñks' jhia.;jQjkag m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § fuu frday,a lrd hdug isÿ jk w;r" frdayf,a wdh;ksl msysàu yd jhia.;jQjkaf.a ldhsl yelshdj w;r fkd.e<mSula we;s fõ' jhia.;jQjkag fndfyda ÿrla f.jd frday, lrd hdug isÿ ùu;a" frday, ;=< § ffjoHjrhl= yuq ùu tla ia:dkhl§;a" wjYH mÍlaIK lghq;= ;j;a ia:dkhl§;a" m%;sldr yd T!IO ,nd .ekSu ;j;a ia:dhl§;a wd§ jYfhka tlsfklg iïnkaO fkdjQ ia:dksl msysàu ksid fudjqkaf.a YdÍßl ;;a;ajh .ek fkdis;du fudjqkag fndfyda fõ,djla frday,a N+ñh ;=< /§ isàug;a" fndfyda ÿrla .uka lrkakg;a isÿ fõ'

frday,a m%;sldr yd T!IO ,nd .ekSfï § Tjqka fjkqfjka ilia jQ úfYAIs; ia:dk fkdue;s w;r wfkla frda.Ska o iu`. tlu fmda,sfï È.= fõ,djla ;u jdrh tk;=re /§ isàug isÿ fõ' wêl ;onoh yd bvlv myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu o" mäfma,s jeks .uka ndOl mej;Su o fudjqka wmyiq;djhg ,la lrkakla úh'

jhia.;jQjka frday,g meñKs miq hd hq;= kshñ; ia:dkh yÿkd .ekSug Wojq Wmldr fkd,eîu;a" frday,a ld¾hh uKav,fha wvq ie,ls,a,;a fudjqka flfrys whym;a f,i n,md we;'

óg wu;rj fm!oa.,sl ffjoH fiajd iemhSfï uOHia:dk kd.ßl m%foaY wdYs%;j msysgq ùu;a" .%dóh uÜgñka tajd fkdmsysgq ùu;a Tjqkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;j ÿrg;a ìo oeóug iu;a ù we;'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï n, m%foaYfha .%dóh frday,la muKla msysgd we;s w;r" isÿ lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjkaf.ka  81]la rcfha frday, m%;sldr ,nd .ekSu ioyd Ndú;d l< w;r" 11]la rcfha yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha ia:dkj,ska m%;sldr ,nd .kakd ,È' ;j;a 08]la mqoa.,sl wxYh fj;skau muKla m%;sldr ,nd .ekSu ioyd fhduq ù we;'

jhia.;hjQjka nyq;rhla uOqfïyh (Diabetics Mellitus)" wê reêr mSvkh (High Blood Pressure)" wd;rhsàia (Arthritis)" iajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.dndO (Bronchial Asthma)" isys u`o .;sh (Dementia)" uq;%d ud¾.h wdYs%; .eg¨ (Urinary Problems)" lrleú,a, (dizziness) jeks frda.hkag f.dÿre ù ;snqKs' fuys § jhia.;jQjka w;ßka jhi wjqreÿ 70g by< jhia.;jQjka w;r nyq;rhlg Tiaáfhda wd;rhsàia (Osteoarthritis)" iajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.dndO (Bronchial Asthma) mej;=ks' jhia.;jQjkag fmr olajk ,o frda. ;;a;ajhkag wu;rj weiSu yd fmkSu wdY%s; frda. ;;a;ajhka fmdÿfõ olakg ,eìKs' jhia.;jQjkaf.ka 19]lg ;ksju m%;sldr lghq;= lr .ekSug yels jQ w;r" ;j;a 8]l msßilg m%;sldr lghq;=j, § Wojq Wmldr w;HjYHhu úh[7]'

frday,aj, mj;akd T!IO ys.h ksid o jhia.;jQjka ;j ;j;a wmyiq;djhlg m;a úh' ta wkqj uqo,a f.jd T!IO ñ,hg .ekSug isÿ ùu;a" ta ioyd wu;r Y%uh yd Okh jeh ùu;a .eg¨jla jYfhka yÿkd .kakd ,È'

jhia.;jQ wfhl= ksjfia § hï wk;=rlg f.dÿre jqj fyd;a jydu frday, lrd /f.k taug wjYH .s,ka r: fiajdjla fkdue;s ùu ksid jhia.;jQjka frday,g /f.k tk w;r u. Ôú;laIhg m;a úh yels h' tfiau iudch ;=< yÈis wjia:djlÈ l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn`oj we;s wjfndaOh yd oekqu u`o nj o jhia.;jQjka flfrys wys; lr f,i n,md we;'

jhia.; frda.Ska Ndú;d lrk Y%jH-oDIH WmlrKj, ñ, by< uÜgul mej;Su ksidu Tjqkag tu myiqlï ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ù we;' Tjqkag fïjd hï wdldrlska Ndú;d lsßug wjldY ,enqfka kï Tjqkaf.a ieoE iuh fld;rï i;=áka .; lrhs o?

jhia.;jQjka flfrys n,mdk ;j;a tla fiajd iemhqï udOHhla f,i m%jdyk fiajd udOHh yeÈkaúh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd iuia; u.S m%jdyk fiajh ms<sn`oju t;rï i;=gq ùug fkdyel' ta wkqj óg jvd hym;a" ld¾hlaIu" fydo m%jdyk fiajdjla iemhSug ish¿ wod, wxY lghq;= l< hq;= h'

jhia.;jQjka r:h ;=<g kxjd .ekSug m%jdyk fiajl uy;=ka wlue;s ùu;a" r:h ;=< § b`o .ekSug iqÿiq ia:dkhla fkd,eîu;a" fiajl uy;=kaf.a wlreKdj;a ksidu jhia.;jQjka oeä Ñ;a; mSvdjlg ,laj we;' r:h ;=<g we;=¿ ùu yd msgùfï § ksis Wojq Wmldr fkdue;sùu ksid fukau md mqjrej Wiska mej;Su ksid o jhia.; YÍr Yla;sh wvq fuu ck;dj úúO w;=re wdndohkag ,laj we;' óg wu;rj Tjqka Ndú;dlrk WmlrK fuu m%jdyk udOHhg iïnkaOùfï § /f.k hdug we;s wmyiqj o ;j;a tla .eg¨jla njg m;aj we;'

jhia.;jQjkag lrKjEñ fiajdj ,nd .ekSu o wo .eg¨jla njg m;aj ;sfí' óg m%Odk fya;=j ù we;af;a kùlrKh jQ hka;%dkqidrfhka l%shd;aul WmlrK iys; wdh;k ìys ùu;a" tjeks wdh;k jhia.;jQjkag fiajd iemhSug wlue;s ùu;a h' wfkla w;g jhia.;jQjka fuu hka;% Ndú;hg wlue;s ùu;a" tys fiajlhka iïm%Odhsl WmlrK Ndú;hg wlue;s ùu;a fuys,d lemS fmfkhs'

5.1.3        iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

iudch ;=<ska jhia.;jQjkag .re ie<ls,s fkd,eîu" ;reK fukau nd, m%cdj fudjqkag Wiq¿ úiq¿ lsÍï fukau" fok wjjdo ms<s.ekSug ue,slula oelaùu wd§ fya;=ka ksidfjka jhia.;jQjka udkislj wmyiq;djhg m;aj we;'

orejka ksrka;rj meñK jhia.; jQ foudmshkaf.a iem-ÿl úuid n,hs kï Tjqka bka buy;a m%S;shla ,nhs' kuq;a orejka úfoaY.; ùu" ÿria: m%foaYj,g ixl%uKh ù isàu" Tjqka o ld¾hh nyq, mqoa.,hka njg m;aùu jeks orejkag o úúO m%Yak mej;Su ksidfjka ksrka;r foudmsh ÿl iem ne,Sug we;s yelshdj wvq ù we;'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih wdYs%;j lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj orejka foudmshkaf.a ÿl-iem ne,Su ioyd meñKsh o foudmshkag orejkaf.a ÿl-iem ne,Sug Tjqka fj; hdug we;s wjia:d wju nj fuys § yÿkd .ekSug yels úh' ta wkqj iuia;hla f,i orejka foudmshka ne,Sug jdr 03 la meñfKk úg foudmshka Tjqka ne,Sug tla jdrhla muKla hkq olakg ,enqKs' fndfyda foudmshkaf.a ifydaor ifydaßhka iómj Ôj;a jqj o Tjqkaf.a orejkaf.a ;;a;ajh i,ld n,k l< Tjqka ÿria:j úiSu fuhg fya;= úh' fuys § jhia.; ck.ykfhka 30% l m%udKhl orejka lsf,daógr 05 g jvd ÿßka Ôj;ajQ w;r ;j;a 55% l msßilaa lsf,daógr 05g wvq ÿrlska Ôj;a úh' fuf,i iómj Ôj;a ùu ksidfjka Tjqkag foudmshkaf.a ÿl iem ksrka;r wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍug yels ù we;' wfkla w;g iómj úiSfï § foudmshkag orejkaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhkaf.a wjYH;d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug myiq ù we;s nj yÿkd .; yels úh'

ieñhd fyda ìßo ñh.sh mqoa.,hkag Tjqka Wfoid mska oyï lsßug fkdyels ù we;' Bg fya;=j ù we;af;a fndfyda úg Tjqka wdodhï Wmhkakka fkdùu;a" wdodhï bmehQj o tu Wmhk wdodhu Bg m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid;a h' fuksid Tjqka ;u ye.Sï wkHhkag fkdfmkajqj o isákqfha udkisl wmyiq;djfhks'

jhia.;ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d fuf,iska bgq lr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Tjqkag ;u w;S;h fufkys ùu;a" ta iu. ksrka;r l< lsÍï yg .ekSu;a we;s fõ' úfYaIfhkau fujeks ;;a;ajhka Tjqkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs' ta wkqj Tjqkaf.a YdÍßl ;=,H;djh my< f.dia myiqfjka frda.j,g f.dÿre fõ'

5.2.           jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

fmr olajk ,o wdldrhg je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih wdYs%;j jhia.;jQjka iïnkaOfhka úúO .eg¨ yÿkd .kakd ,È' fuf,i we;s jQ .eg¨ úúO wdldrfha WmlrK fhdod .ksñka iukh lsÍug úúO wxY W;aidy f.k we;' .eg¨jg fhÿ ms<shï u; .eg¨j,ska fldgila ta iu. úi§ we;s w;r" ;j;a fldgila ioyd úiÿï ,nd ,nd §ug b;sßj mj;S' fuf,i úiÿï ,nd fok wdldrh wxY lsysmhla hgf;a idlÉcd l< yelsh' ta wkqj"

1.       jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fhÿ ms<shï

2.       jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi`od .ekSug úêu;a wxYh ^rch& fhÿ ms<shï jYfhks'

;ju;a fmrÈ. wdishdkq iudcfha b;d Yla;su;a mjq,a in`o;d oelsh yelsh' ta wkqj jhia..;jQjkag fiajd ie,iSfï § b;du iqÿiq wdh;kh mjq, nj fkdryils' tfy;a tu ld¾hh id¾:lj bgq lsÍu ioyd mjq,a ixia:djg fjk;a wdh;k yd mqoa.,hkaf.a wdOdr Wmldr w;HjYH jkq we;' fuu imhkq ,nk iydh yÈis wjia:djg imhk iydhla fkdúh hq;= w;r È.gu mj;ajd f.k hd yels tajd úh hq;=h' fï ioyd úêu;a yd wúêu;a wxYh w;r oeä in`o;djhla we;s lr .ekSu fhda.H jkq we;'

5.2.1.     jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fhÿ ms<shï

fmrÈ. iudcfha mjq,a ixia:dj b;du;au jeo.;a tallh f,iska ie,fla' fuys m%;sM,hla f,iska j¾;udkfha mjd jhia.;jQjkaf.ka nyq;rhla mjq,a ixia:dfõ /ljrKh m;ñka Ôj;a fõ' tfy;a iudc fjkialï wkqj we;s .eg¨ yd jhia.;jQjkaf.a ixLHdj YS>%fhka j¾Okh ùu ksid tu iïm%odhsl ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSug wmyiq ;;a;ajhla mjq, ;=< Woa.; fjñka mj;S' fï fya;=fjka fuu ck;djg úúO wdldrfha .eg¨ we;s jk nj olakg ,enqKs' fuf,i jhia.;jQjkag we;s jq fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug mjq,a ixia:dj ;=<" iudch ;=< .;a mshjr úúO fõ'

jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¨jls Tjqka jhia.;ùu;a iu. wdodhï bmehSfï yelshdj my< hdu;a" tneúka Tjqkaf.a wdodhï uÜgu my;a w.hla .ekSu;a' ta wkqj Tjqkag Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug fukau l=gqïNfha wjYH;djhka o bgq lsÍug fkdyels ù we;' jfhdajDoaêlhka úiska fmdaIKh lrk fndfyduhla tall fï fya;=fjka ;j ;j;a wirK ù we;' fuys § fuu .eg¨j úiÈu ioyd l=gqïNhg hï wdldrhlska ueÈy;aùula l, yelsh' ta wkqj fuf;la jfhdajDoaêlhka isÿ lrk ,o wdodhï bmehsfï ld¾hh orejka fyda mjqf,a idudðlhl= ndr .ekSu ;=<ska fudjqka flfrys we;s mSvkh wju l< yelsh' ta wkqj jhia.;jQjkag wkjYH f,i uykaisùug wjYH fkdjk w;r Tyqg iekis,af,a Ôj;aùug yelsh'

mjqf,a m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakd jfhdajDoaêlhk jk l=gqïNhkays fuu m%Yakh ;rula ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ta wkqj fmr olajk ,o wdldrhg fuys § fudyq wdodhï bmehSfï ld¾hfhka ksoyia l< fkdyel' óg fya;=j jkafka tu mjqf,a wksl=;a wdodhï bmehsh yels mqoa.,hka wOHdksl jk miqìul fyda frda.Ska ù we;akï Tjqka fjkqfjka m%cdj uQ,sl ú wdOdr Wmldr isÿ lrhs' ta wkqj úúO wdldrfha YsIH;aj ,nd §u yd udislj wdodhï bmeoúh yels wdldrhg fuu mjq,a ilia lrhs' fuys§ iajhx /lshd we;s lsÍu m%Odk fõ'

;jo jfhdajDoaêlhka ioyd m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § Tyq frday,g fyda T!IO ,nd .kakd ia:dkhg /f.k hdu Tyqf.a wdrlaIdjg fukau Ñ;a; Yla;sh j¾Okh lsÍug o fya;= fõ' fuys § jfhdajDoaêlhka È.= fõ,djla fmda,sfï fkd;nd tu Ndrlre tu fmda,su ;=< /§ isáñka wjYH lghq;= ixúOdkh lrhs' fï wkqj fndfyda fõ,d /§ isàfuka jk wmyiq;djfhka Tyq ksoyia fõ' úfYaIfhka T!IO ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ksfhdað; ld¾hh legqj hkakd isÿ lrk w;r fmdÿ u.S m%jdyk fiajh Ndú; lrkafka kï Tyqg we;=,aùug" bo .ekSug" kej; neiSug iudch Wojq Wmldr lsÍu isÿ lsÍu;a ;=<ska fudjqkag we;s mSvkh yd wkdrlaIdj wju fldg we;'

iudch ;=< fudjqka Wiq¿ úiq¿ j,g ,laùu wju fldg we;s w;r ta wkqj iudchg jhia.;jQjkaf.a ienE iajrEmh fy<s lsÍu" Wojq Wmldr lrk msßila njg m;a lsÍug wjYH oekqj;a lsÍfï lghq;= fndfyduhla mqoa.,sl wdh;k" iafõÉcd ixúOdk uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿ fldg we;' fiajd imhk wdh;k o Tjqkag úfYaIs; myiqlï imhd we;' ta wkqj úfYaI myiqlï iys; wdik Tjqkag mkjd we;s w;r rojd .ekSfuka f;drj blauKska wjYH fiajdj ,nd §u ;=<ska fuu jfhdajDoaêlhk yg wúêu;a wxYh fj;ska ,nd Èh yels fiajdj ,nd § we;'

fuys§ f;dard .;a m%foaYfha jfhdajDoaêlhka wdY%fhka l< wOHhkfha § fy<s jQfha fudjqkaf.a fydou /ljrKh imhkakd ;u orejka nj Tjqka úYajdi l< njhs'

óg w;sf¾lj úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOH Ndú; lrñka jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjkaa fjkqfjka úfYaI jev igyka úldYh l, yel' ta wkqj fuu jev igyka ;=<ska m%cdj fj; wjYH mKsjqvh jQ jhia.;jQjka hkq wm iudcfhau fldgila ñi úfYaIs; ldKavhla fkdjk njg ta;a;= .ekaúh yels h' jhia.;jQjkag Wojq lsÍu hq;=lula fukau j.lSula nj ;yjqre l, yelsh' úfYaIs; iïuka;%K" foaYk wdÈh mj;ajd tajd ms<sn`oj fydo m%pdrhla ,nd §ug o fuu udOHhka Ndú; l, yelsh' m%dfoaYsSh uÜgfuka fi!LH l`ojqre mj;ajd jhia.;jQjkag wjYH fi!LH myiqlï ,nd §u o isÿ l, yels h' óg wu;rj úúO iafõÉcd ixúOdk ueÈy;aùfuka úúO wdldrfha jhia.;jQjkag wjYH WmlrK iemhsh yels h' ta wkqj frdao mqgq" lsys,slre" ierhá" weia lKaKdä yd wksl=;a Y%jH yd oDIH WmlrK iemhSu isÿ l, yelsh'

óg wu;rj jeäysá ksjdij, Ôj;ajk ck;djg wjYH úúO WmlrK iemhSu" jhia.;jQjka iyNd.S lr .;a úúO W;aij wjia:d ixúOdkh lsÍu" ri leú,s wdÈh wdydrhkag wu;rj iemhSu" fydo jia;%hka ,nd §u" ldreKsl fiajdjla iemhSu wdÈh ;=<ska wúêu;a wxYhg fuu jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug iyNd.s úh yelsh'

5.2.2.     jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug úêu;a wxYh ^rch& fhÿ ms<shï

cd;sl uÜgfuka wdodhï .eg¨j úi§ug ueÈy;aùfï § úêu;a wxYh wdodhï uÜgu wkqj l%shd;aul iykdOdr l%uhka fï ioyd WmldÍ lr f.k we;' ta wkqj È<s`ÿ iyk l+mka m;a" ckiúh" j¾;udkfha iuDoaê jeks úúO kdu hgf;a iudcfha wdodhï uÜgu b;du;a wvq mqoa.,hska iú n, .ekaùfï úúO jev igyka l%shdjg k.d we;' fuys§ /ljrKh wjYH jfhdajDoaêlhka ljqoehs f;dard Tjqkag wdOdr ,nd §u fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'

óg wu;rj rdcH wxYfha úY%duhkakka ioyd úY%du jegqmla yÿkajd §u o" rdcH wxYfha fkdjk ish¿u fiajlhka ioyd w¾: idOl wruqo,g odhl lr .ekSug lghq;= fldg we;' 1958 we;s lrk ,o fuu fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,g ish¿u rdcH wxYfha fukau fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhka we;=,;a l< hq;= njg olajd we;' ta wkqj úY%du jhig t<öu;a iu. tf;la fiajd fhdaclhd yd fiajd odhlhdf.ka wh lr .;a uqo,a Tyqg tl jr ,nd .ekSug yels jk w;r" fuh jhia.;jQjkag wjidkfha úYd, jdishls' ;jo f.dú;ek ;u m%Odk Ôúldj lr .;a mqoa.,hkag ieoE iufha ;u oEf;ys Yla;sh fkdue;s wjia:dfõ b;sß jk fohla fkdue;' fï fya;=j ksidu f.dú;eka lrk ck;dj Wfoid 1987 § wdrïN lrk ,o f.ú úY%du jegqma yd iudc wdrlaIK l%uh u.ska f;dard.;a lDIs fCIa;% lsysmhla wdjrKh lrñka jhi wjqreÿ 60 blau jQ miq úY%du jegqmla ,nd foa' Bg wu;rj úúO rlaIK wdh;k jhia.;ùu;a iu. úúO wdldrfha m%;s,dN ysñ jk rlaIK l%uhka fudjqkaf.a ieoE iuh wdrlaIKh ioyd yÿkajd § we;'

;jo jhia.;jQjka ioyd úfYaI yeÿkqï m;la ksl=;a lrkq ,nk w;r fuu yeÿkqïm; Wmldrfhka rcfha m%jdyk udOH ;=< fkdñ,fha .uka lsÍug;a" rcfha Tiqie,a u.ska fndy;a ,nd .ekSfï§ 5] l jÜgï uqo,la ysñlr .ekSug;a fudjqkag yelsù we;'

jhia.;jQjka uqyqKmdk ;j;a .eg¿ldÍ wjia:djla f,i fi!LH yd m%jdyk fCIa;%h iïnkaOfhka we;s jk .eg¿ oelaúh yels h' ta wkqj wdh;ksl uÜgfuka .;a mshjr w;r" frda.S m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;ùu;a iu`. idudkHfhka nyq,j yÿkd.;a frda.ldrl ;;a;ajhka ioyd m%;sldr lsÍfï § úfYAIs; idhk ta ioyd msysgqùu;a" Bg wkqnoaê; wfkl=;a tall o tu m%foaYfhka myiqfjka ,nd .; yels mßÈ ia:dms; lsÍu;a fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

rcfha wdfrda.H Yd,d ÿßka msysàu ksid Bg jeh l< hq;= ld,h wêl ú we;' kuq;a wjYH;djfha m%udKh u; Ndú;d lsÍu ioyd fjk;a fm!oa.,sl ffjoH fiajd myiqlï o fuys§ ia:dms; lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj mqoa.,sl ffjoH Yd,d m%foaY ;=< ia:dms;ùu j¾Okh lsÍug isÿ fõ' ta wkqj frda.Skag yÈis m%;sldr lghq;= blauKska yd myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug fuh úYd, msgqjy,la fõ'

T!IO ñ, .Kka by< uÜgul mej;Su o jhia.;jQjkag Tjqkaf.a fi!LH ;a;a;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSfï § ydkslr úh yelsh' ta wkqj jhia.;jQjkag úfYAIs; wdldrhlg T!IO ,nd .; yels l%uhla fuys § ia:dms; úh hq;=j we;' ta wkqj rdcH T!IO ks;s.; ixia:dfõ uOHia:dhkays § yd ksfhdað; Tiqie,aj,ska fuu fiajh blauKska yd myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yels jk wdldrhg lghq;= iïmdokh lr we;' fuys § jhia.;jQjkag m%uqL;djhla fukau jÜgï  uqo,la o T!IO ñ, § .ekSfï § ysñ fõ'

úfYaIfhkau wo mj;akd m%jdyk fiajdj jfhdajDoaO mqoa.,hkag Ndú;d l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhl mj;S' tneúka Tjqkag .e,fmk m%jdyk fiajdjla fuu lafIA;%h ;=< ia:dms; lsÍug wod, lghq;= isÿ l< hq;= fõ' jhia.;jQjkag blaukska yd myiqfjka we;=¨ùu fukau msgùug wjYH myiqlï fuu r: ;=< ;sìh hq;= w;r" Tjqka Ndú; lrk WmlrK /f.k hdug o yelsúh hq;= h' ta wkqj frdao mqgqjla Wmldrfhka .uka ìuka hk jhia.; mqoa.,hka tu mqgqjo iu`. r:h ;=<g we;=,a lr .ekSug" kej; msg lsÍug yels úh hq;= wdldrfhka ieliqkq myiqlï fuu m%jdyk udOHh i;= úh hq;= h'

wo mj;akd m%jdyk udOHh ;=< jhia.;jQjl=g fkdj ;reK mqoa.,hl=g mjd .uka l< fkdyel' tfiau frday,a yd m%Odk k.r hd lrk m%jdyk fiajdjla o ia:dms; úh hq;=j we;s w;r" fï jk úg ia:dmkh lr we;s fiajdj jhhia.;jQjkago Ndú;d l< yels uÜÜug ilia l< hq;=h' úkS; wdpdrYS,s ßhÿrka fukau fldkafodia;r uy;=ka fuu fiajdjg we;=,;a lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

jhia.;ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Tjqkag ;u w;S;h fufkys ùu;a" ta iu`.u ksrka;r l< lsÍï yg.ekSu;a we;s fõ' úfYaIfhkau fujeks ;;a;ajhka Tjqkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs' tneúka jhia.;jQjkaf.a udkisl .eg¨ úi§u i`oyd úêu;a ufkda ffjoH tall ia:dmkh l< hq;=h'

óg wu;rj frday,a wdY%s;j jhia.;jQjkaf.a yÿkd.;a fmdÿ frda. ldrl ;;a;ajhka fjkqfjka fjku tall we;s lsÍu ;=<ska Tjqkag wjYH fiajdj myiqfjka ,nd §ug úêu;a wxYh lghq;= fldg we;'

5.3.           rch u`.ska fuu jfhdajDoaêlhka fjkqfjka kS;suh jYfhka .kakd ,o mshjr lsysmhla

Y%S ,xldj 1940 .Kkaj,oSu jhia.;ùu ms<sn`o oek isá neúka ta wkqj wirK jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj fiùug Y%Su;a whsj¾ fckska.aiaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1944 § iudc fiajd fldñIu m;a lrk ,È[8]' fuu fldñIu úiska lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj iyk wjYH wirK jQ whf.ka 37] lau jhia.;jQjka nj yÿkd .kakd ,È' fuys§ fuu ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr .;a wd.ñl iy mqKHdh;k jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka fjku ksjdi tall wrUd tajd mj;ajdf.k hdu fuu ld,fha§ wdrïN úh' fuf,i wdrïN l< fuu wdh;k u.ska jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍfï jev igyka l%shdjg kxjk ,È'

1982 § m<uq jrg ´iaá%hdfõ úhdkdj, werô f,dal jhia.;jQjkaf.a iuq¿fõ§ jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o úhdkd wka;¾cd;sl ie,eiau iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o uQ,O¾uhkag wkqj jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍug Y%S ,xldj lghq;= lrk nj oekqï § we;[9]'

ta wkqj Y%S ,xld jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍu i`oyd cd;sl uÜgfuka mshjr rdYshla f.k we;s w;r tajd ieflúka olajkafka kï"

1.      jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o cd;sl fldñIu ^National committee on Ageing) we;s lsÍu

fuh iudc fiajd yd iqN idOk wud;HxYh hgf;a l%shd;auljk wdh;khlajk w;r jhia.;jQjka ioyd m%;am;a;s ilia lsrSu" ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍu" jevigyka ie,iqïlrKh isÿ lrk ,È' ta wkqj fuu fCIa;%fha m%ùKhka iy wod, rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ks,OdÍka" iafõÉcd ixúOdkj, ks,OdÍka tl;=fldg fuu jev igyka l%shdjg ke.=ks' fuu fldñIu u.ska rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, l%shdldrlï iïnkaëlrKh lrhs' ta wkqj ESCAP, UNDA iy Helpage Sri Lanka jeks wdh;k iu. miq.sh úis jir ;=< Y%S ,xld rch yd tla ù úYd, fiajhla jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka isÿfldg we;'

2.      jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh (National Policy on Ageing)         yÿkajd §u

fuys uQ,sl wruqK jQfha jhia.;jQjkag wjYH kdhl;ajh iy Bg wjYH  uQ,sl l%shd ud¾. ks¾udKh fldg fydo jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' ta wkqj jhia.;jQkaf.a M,odhs nj we;sfldg iudÔh" wd¾Ól" fN!;sl yd wOHd;aóh nj j¾Okh lsÍug o" jhia.;jQjkaf.a ksoyi iy;sl lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a iyNd.S;aj j¾Okh" f.!rjh yd wdrlaIdj Tjqka flfrys we;s lsÍu fuys uQ,sl wruqK ù we;'

3.        rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu ^NGO Participation)

cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lrñka mq¿,a ld¾hNdrhla lrhs' ta wkqj cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" iafõÉcd ixúOdk Èßu;a lsÍu yd kùlrKhg wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu ;=<ska fõ.fhka j¾Okhjk ck.ykhg wjYH wdrlaIdj yd iqN idOkh we;sfldg Èßu;a lrhs' ta wkqj UN-ESCAPE iy Helpage International tlaj fuu iïnkaëlrKfha oS úYd, odhl;ajhla" iydhla jhia.;jQjkaf.a .=K;ajh we;s lsrSu ioyd olajd we;'

4.        jhia.;jQjka ioyd kS;s ilia lsrSu ^Legislation for the Elderly)'

fï wkqj jhia.;jQjka /l .ekSu ioyd úúO kS;s-Í;s yÿkajd § we;' úfYaaIfhkau jeäysáhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn`o 2000 wxl 09 orK mK; jeo.;a fõ' óg wu;rj jhia.;jqjka Wfoid wu;r l%shd ud¾. /ila f.k we;' ta wkqj

*       jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka cd;sl iNd msysgqùu'

*       jeäysáhkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu'

*       jhia.;jQjkag fiajd imhk wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu'

*       jhia.;jjqka ioyd iqN idOl wruqo,la msysgqùu'

*       jhia.;jQjkag we;sjk úúO .eg¨ úi§u ioyd uKav,hla m;a lsÍu'

wd§ jYfhka l%shdud¾. /ila f.k we;' tu wK-mK;aj, jhia.;jQjkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId fkdlrkafka kï Bg wod,j .; yels mshjrhka ms<sn`oj o olajd we;'

 ;jo Elderly kñka m%ldYkhla ksl=;a lsÍu o" jhia.;jQjkag hï widOdrKhla jkafka kï .;hq;= l%shd ud¾." Wmfoia wdÈh o fuys we;=,;aj we;' óg wu;rj jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .kakd l=gqïNhka fj; ta ioyd wjYH wOHdmksl oekqu yd uq,H wdOdr o ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'

5.      jhia.;jQjka ioyd yÿkd.ekqïm;a ,nd§u ^Identity card For Elderly People)

iudc fiajd wud;HdxYh u.ska jhia wjqreÿ 65g by< mqoa.,hka yg úfYaIs; yeÿkqïm;la ,ndoSug ie,iqï lr we;' ta wkqj ld¾h nyq, rdcH wdh;k fj;ska ^frday,a" nexl= jeks wdh;k& myiqfjka yd blaukska úYajikShj fiajdjla ,nd.ekSug wjYH lghq;= lr we;'

6.        wdodhï iqrlaIs;;djh ^Income secure)

jhia.;jqjkag o iudch ;=< Ôj;aùfï§ wNsudkfhka hqla;j Ôj;aùug wdodhula ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqj úY%du jegqma fhdackd l%uhla" fiajd kshqla;s Ndrldr uKav,h yd tlaj" rdcH yd iuQmldr fiajfha fiajd kshqla;slhkag iudc wdrlaIdj ,nd§u wruqKska we;s lr we;' óg wu;rj rdcH yd fjk;a mqoa.,sl ixúOdk tlaj fuu wruqo, k.d isgqùu ioyd odhl ù we;' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i 1996 iudc wdrlaIdj yd úY%du jegqma fhdackdj,sh yÿkajd § we;' fuu fhdackdj,sh u.ska rfÜ ixj¾Ok lghq;= ioyd odhl jQ jhia.;jQjkag úY%du jegqmla ,nd§ug woyia lrhs'

7.      Èjd iqrl=ï uOHia:dk" id;a;=fiajd uOHia:d we;s lsÍu ^Day Care and Home Nursing Service)

rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iafõÉcd ixúOdk yd tlaj fuh mj;ajd f.k hhs' fï jkúg .%dóh yd kd.ßl uÜgfuka jhia.;jQjkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhska fkdue;s wjia:djkaj,§ jeäysáhka /ln,d .eksug wod,j fuu uOHia:dk .%dóh yd kd.ßl uÜgfuka we;s lsÍug mshjr .ksñka isà'

jhia.; wirK frda.SjQjka /ln,d .ekSug id;a;= fiajd ksjdi weröu oelaúh yel' ta wkqj iudc iqNidOk wud;HdxYh hgf;a fuh weröug woyia fldg we;' oekgu;a fï ioyd Helpage cd;Hka;rh iydh oelaùug bÈßm;aj we;'

óg wu;rj mqyqKq yd oekqj;a  lsßfï jevuq¿" fi!LH l`ojqre" úúO ;k;=re we;s lsÍu" lKaKdä frdao mqgq jeks jhia.; wndê; mqoa.,hkag wjYH NdKav ,nd§u isÿ lrhs'   

---

[1] De Silwa" ^1994&

[2] Ditto

[3] idudkHfhka ck ixLHdjg w¿;ska tlajk m%udKh wLKavj by< hhs' túg ck ixLHd msróvh     ;%sfldaKdldr .kS' kuq;a ck ixLHd j¾Ok fõ.h my< f.dia Wm;a wkqmd;h idfmalaIj my< hk l,ays Y%u n,ldfha fï fudfyd; jk úg /§ isák tla tla ia:rhka jhia.; ldKavh yd tla jkqfha w¿;ska Wm;a u.ska tlajk ldKavhg idfmalaIlj jeä w.hlsks'

[4] ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;

[5] iudc fiajd iólaIK jd¾;dj" ^2006&

[6] 1996 § fi!LH fiajdj ioyd remsh,a ñ,shk 11"421'6 la jeh fldg we;s w;r 1999 § th remsh,a ñ,shk 18"018 la olajd o" 2001 § remsh,a ñ,shk 22"899 olajd o jYfhka úYd, uqo,la jeh fldg we;' (Statistical Pocket Book 2003)'

[7] ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;'

[8] www.un.org/ageing/coverage/SriLankaE.htm'

[9] Ditto'

Make understand the task of the ageing population

isõjk mßÉfÊoh

04.     jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd.ekSu

4.1. l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

4.2. iudch ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

isjqjk mßÉfÊoh

04.    jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .ekSu

jhia.;jQjka iudcfhau m%mxphls' Tjqka jhi jeäùu;a iu. hï o¾Ylhka WmldÍ lr .ksñka ñkqï lghq;= isÿ lsÍu ksid jhia.;jQjka f,i i,ld we;' fudjqkag ;reKh wjêfha ;rï ldhsl Yla;sh fkd;snqK o Tjqkaf.a udkisl Yla;sh" w;aoelSï yd m<mqreoao iïnkaOj fidhd ne,Sfï § fudjqka i;= yelshdj fkdi,ld yeßh fkdyel' o¾Ylhla fya;=fjka jhi wjqreÿ 60 blaujd .sh mqoa.,hka jhia.;jQjka f,i ie,l=j o yßhgu fuu jhia uÜgfï §u fudjqka wl%Sh mqoa.,hka njg m;a fkdfõ' iuia;hla f,i .;a l, jhi wjqreÿ 60ka miqj fndfyda fofkl=f.a ld¾hh lsÍfï úNj;djh l%ufhka wvq fõ' ta fya;=fjka fndfyda iudc l%u ;=< fuu jhia uÜgfuka miqj Tjqkag úfõl ,nd fokq olakg yels h' fuf,i /lshdfjka úfõl ,nd .ekSu i`oyd ld,h ,nd ÿkak o m%dfhda.sl ;;a;ajh ;=< § tf,i ish¨ jev lghq;=j,ska bj;a ù iïmQ¾Kfhkau úfõl ,nd .ekSula isÿ fkdùu úfYAI;ajhls' ulaksido h;a tu jhia uÜgu;a iu. Tjqka tlajru wl%sh mqoa.,hska njg m;a fkdjk ksid h' ta wkqj Tjqka ;j ÿrg;a hï hï ld¾hhka lsßfuys kshla; fjhs'

Y%S ,dxflah iudcfhys l=gqïN wNHka;rfhys fukau l=gqïNfhka mßNdysrj o jeäysáhkag fndfyda fihska f.!rj lr;s' .%dóh wxYfhys jeäysáhkag Wiia f,i ie,lSu iy Tjqka fjkqfjka bgq lrkq ,nk ld¾hh fldgi fndfyda ÿrg jeä msßilf.a wd.u jk fn!oaO wd.u yd ne§ mj;S' l=vd l< mgkau jeäysáhkag f.!rj lsÍu yd lSlre ùug b.ekafõ' fujeks iudc ixialD;shl isák jeäysáhkag iudcfha kdhl;ajh ksrka;rfhka ysñ jk w;r" idïm%Odhsl w.hka mj;ajd f.k hdfï § tys uQ,sl;ajh o Tjqkag ,efnk ,È' ksji ;=< fouõmshka jk w;r iudch ;=< § Tjqka jeäysá lñgqjls' miq ld,h ;=< § .%dóh uÜgfï fuu kdhl;ajh fnfyúka M,odhS jk wkaoug l%shd;aul úh' úfYaIfhka tfia jQfha cd;sfNAo u;= jQ wjia:djkays ;SrK .ekSu Wfoid h' idïm%Odhsl iudch ;=< l=gqïN m%Odkshd jYfhka ksjfiys lghq;=j,g l%shdldÍj iyNd.S fkdjk wjia:djkays § tu ld¾hh fldgi mq;=kag mjrkq ,efí' tfy;a m%Odkshd f,i l%shd lsÍfï n,h tf,iu mj;sk w;r fndfyda wjia:djkays § Tyqf.a ;SrKhkag mlaImd;S ùu isÿ fõ' wd¾Ól jYfhka M,odhs njla fkd;snqK o jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj mjqf,ys idudcslhka w;frys hï ie,lSula we;af;a bvï whs;sh Tyq i;= neúks' fndfyda úg idudðlhka w;r Wreuhka mjrd fok ;=re jeäysáhkag hï n,hla ;sfí' bvï md,kh lrkakdg wd¾Ól jákdlula fukau lS¾;shla o we;' wfkla w;g Tyqg mjq, ms<sn`oj fukau ;reK mrïmrdj ms<sn`oj o lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj ;sfí' j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfjys jeäysáhka ioyd mj;sk Wiia f.!rjh ;=<ska fuu iïm%Odhka wkq.ukh lsÍfï iaÓr Ndjh meyeÈ,s fõ'

úfoaYslhkaf.a meñKsu iy md,kh fya;= fldg f.k iïm%Odhslj mj;ajd f.k f.k wd wd¾Ól rgdjka l%ufhka ì§ .sfha h' tys m%;sM,hka f,i we;s jQ ld¾ólrKh" kd.ÍlrKh yd kùlrKh ;=<ska iudc ia:djrNdjhg ndOd muqKqjk ,È' zmjqf,ys jeäysáhka /ln,d .; hq;=hZ hkak ms<s.kq ,enQj o fjkia jk wd¾Ól iy iudÔh ;;a;ajhka hgf;ys mqoa.,hka fuu j.lSfuka bj;a ùug W;aidy lr;s' ta fya;=fjka úúOdldrfhaa fjkialï fukau .eg¨ o we;s ù we;'

jhia.;jQjka yd Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .ekSfï § fuh m%Odk wxY 02 la hgf;a yÿkd .; yelsh' ta wkqj

1.      l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

2.      iudch ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

jYfhka Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh yÿkd .; yel'

4.1  l=gqïNh ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh

jhia.;jQjkaf.a l=gqïN ld¾hNdrh b;d mq¿,a fCIa;%hl jHdma;j mj;S' ta wkqj l=gqïNfhys wdodhï Wmhkakd (earner)" wdrlaIlhd (guard)" fiajlhd (servant)" WmfoaYlhd (advicer) jYfhka iEu wxYhlau yd neÿkq mq¿,a jHdma;shla iys; ld¾hNdrhla fudyqg mejÍ we;'

4.1.1  l=gqïNfhys wdodhï Wmhkakdf.a ld¾hNdrh

fndfyduhla l=gqïNhkays wdodhï bmehSfï ld¾hhfha § jhia.;jQjkag ,efnkqfha iqúfYaI ia:dkhls' ta wkqj iEu l=gqïNhlu jhia.;jQjka wl%Sh mqoa.,hka f,i Ôj;a fkdjk w;ru il%Sh f,i Rcq yd jl% wdldrfhka wdodhï bmeoùfï ld¾hhfha ksr; fjhs' m%Odk jYfhkau fudjqka lDIs l¾udka;h yd neÿkq úúO wxYj, fiajd kshqla; ùula yÿkd .; yels h' Bg wu;rj l=vd mßudK jHdmdr lghq;=j," tkï is,a,r fj<`o jHdmdr mj;ajd f.k hdu" f.j;= fNda. wf,ú lsÍu" ieye,a¨ /lshdjka ys ksr; ùu wdÈh ;=<ska wdodhï bmehSfï ud¾. idod f.k we;'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.; ck.ykfhka 41]la  fiajd kshqla;j we;s w;r ;j;a 41]la .Dy lghq;=j, ksr; fõ' ;j o 19]la jev l< fkdyels ;;a;ajfha miq fõ' kuq;a fudjqkaf.a fiajd kshqla; ùu mQ¾K ld,Sk fkdùu;a" jhi wjqreÿ 60g wvq mqoa.,hl=f.a fiajdj yd iei§fï§ idfmalaIj wvq w.hla$ wvq jákdlula  .ekSu;a" cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h jeks o¾Ylhka ilia lsÍfï § jeo.;a o¾Ylhla f,i fkdie,lSu;a ksid fjkau iudch ;=< ksis w.h lsÍulg ,la j ke;'

lDIs ld¾ñl wxYh ;=< fNda. j.d lsÍfï isg wiajkq fk<Su olajd o" bka wk;=rej wiajkq Y=oaO lsrSu" fõ,Su" .nvd lsrSu jeks wjia:dj,oS o fudyqf.a fiajh b;d jeo.;a ù we;' m%Odk jYfhkau ù f.dú;ek uq,a fldg .;a fiajd kshqla;shla fuu l<dmfhys fmkakqï lrk w;r" Bg wu;rj f.j;= j.djka lsÍu ;=<ska iDcq yd jl% wdldrfhka wdodhï bmehSu;a" l=gqïNfha mßfNdack wjYH;djhka ioyd fhdod .ekSug wjYH øjH ksmoùu;a fudyq w;ska isÿ fõ' óg wu;rj ;u mjqf,a {d;Skaf.a" ys;ñ;=rkaf.a úúO lghq;= j,§ o m%;s,dNhla wfmalaId fkdlru fiajh iemhSug fudjqka iQodkï h'

j.=j wxl 1 - je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=<

jhia.;jQjkaf.a l%shdldÍ;ajh

jhi ;;a;ajh	mqreI			ia;%S
	60-65	65-70	70g jeä	60-65	65-70	70g jeä
fiajd kshqla; .Dy lghq;= jev l< fkdyels	88.8 - 11.1	50.0 25.0 25.0	33.3 33.3 33.3	27.2 63.6 09.0	16.6 66.6 16.6	- 50.0 50.0
	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0

    uQ,dY%h( ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;

jhia.;jQjka Tjqkaf.a fiajh iemhSfï § tlu jhia uÜgu ;=< o ia;%S-mqreI Ndjh wkqj fiajd iemhSu úúO ù we;' fudjqka w;ßka fiajd kshqla; jQjkaf.ka nyq;rh mqreIhka jk w;r" .Dy lghq;=j, fhfok m%udKfhka nyq;rh ldka;dfjda fj;s' jhia uÜgu j¾Okh fj;au Tjqkaf.a fiajd iemhSug olajk idfmalaIl odhl;ajh o fõ.fhka my< hdula olakg we;' iEu jhia uÜgul§u jev l< fkdyels mqoa.,hka yÿkd .ekSug yels h' jhi wjqreÿ 70 blauùu;a iu. mqreI fiajd kshqla;sfha YS>% my< hdula yÿkd .ekSug yels jqj o" ldka;djka .Dy lghq;=j,g olajk odhl;ajh fuu jhia iSudfõ § wvq jkafka idfmalaIj b;d fiñks' ta wkqj Tjqka jhia.;jqj o l=gqïNfha ld¾hhka lsÍfï § ta fjkqfjka lem ù isák nj fuu.ska meyeÈ,s h[1]'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.;jQjka w;r wdodhï jHdma;sh wOHhkh lrk úg fmkS hkafka fudjqkaf.ka 57] la re' 2000'00 g wvq wdodhula udislj Wmhkakka jk w;r" re' 5000'00 g by< wdodhula udislj Wmhkakka we;af;a jhia.;jQjka w;ßka 5] l msßila muKla njhs ^j.=j wxl 14 n,kak&' iuia;hla f,i fuu l<dmfha idudkH udisl wdodhu remsh,a 1000'00 -2000'00 w;r jHdma; ù we;s wdldrhla o y`ÿkd .ekSug yelsh'

    m%ia;drh 1

j.=j wxl  2:  je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha jhia.; jQjkaf.a

wdodhï jHdma;sh- 2006

wdodhï ldKavh	ixLHd;h	uOH jd¾Isl ck.ykh*[2]	jhia.; ck.ykh*[3]	jhia.; m%lafIams; ck.ykh	m%;sY;h
1000 g wvq 1000-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 4000-5000 5000g jeä	05 16 09 04 02 01	47820 - - - - -	6251 - - - - -	0845 2703 1520 0676 0338 0169	13.5 43.2 24.3 10.8 05.4 02.7
tl;=j	37	47820	6251	6251	100.0

uQ,dY%h: ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;

fuf,i wdodhï Wmhkakka w;r jhia.; ck ixLHdfjka 5]la muK mjqf,a m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakka jYfhka lghq;= lrk w;r" wfkla l=gqïNhkays jhia.;jQjkag wu;rj ;j;a idudðlhka wdodhï bmehSfï ksr; ù isà[4]' fuu 5]la muK jk jhia.; m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakkaf.a orejka ;ju;a wOHdmksl ùu" úrelshdfjka fm<Su" W!K fiajd kshqla; ùu jeks fya;= ksidfjka fuu jhia.;jQjkag ;ju;a mjqf,a úYd, nrla oeÍug isÿj we;'

4.1.2.  jhia.;jQjka l=gqïNh ;=< fiajlhd f,i

jhia.;jQjkaf.a ld¾hNdrh wOHhkh lsÍfï § yÿkd.; yels ;j;a jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla Tjqka úiska bgq lrhs' ta wkqj Tyqg l=gqïNh ;=< fiajlhd f,i lghq;= lsÍug o isÿj we;' jhia.;ùu;a iu. Ôú;fha ld¾hh nyq,;ajh wvq ùu;a" ;ekam;a ukd mßK; nqoaêhlska hqla; ùu;a" úfYaIs; jQ ld¾hNdrhla fkdue;s ùu;a" ldhsl Yla;sh fmrg idfmalaIj wvq ùu;a jeks lrekq ksid jhia.; jQ mqoa.,hl= l=gqïNh ;=< ieye,a¨ fiajd iemhqïlrejl= jYfhka ls%hd;aul fõ'

ta wkqj ksjfia yd f.j;af;a msßisÿ lsÍï lghq;=" orejkaf.a orejka tkï uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhka /ln,d .ekSu" fmdaIKh lsÍu" mdi,g$<ore mdi,g /f.k hdu yd kej; /f.k tau" Tjqka msßisÿ lsÍu" ksjdi yd foam, wdrlaId lsÍu" f.org wjYH uq¿;ekaf.or øjH /ia lsÍu jeks lghq;= rdYshla fudyqg mejÍ we;'

fuu m%dfoaYSh f,alï n, m%foaYh ;=< jhia.; ish¿u ck.ykh Ôú;fha flÈkl fyda ;u orejkaf.a orejka" ;u ifydaor-ifydaoßhkaf.a orejka /l n,d .ekSug iydh ù we;' óg wu;rj fudjqkaf.ka nyq;rh uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhka mdi,g /f.k hdu" /f.k tau" orejkag myiqjla jYfhka Tjqkaf.a <uhska /ln,d .ekSu" fmdaIKh lsÍu jeks ldrKdj,§ Wmßu odhl;ajhla olajd we;s w;r" Wojq Wmldr lsÍfï§ lsisÿ m%;s,dNhla wfmalaIdfjka tu lghq;= bgq fldg fkdue;s nj;a ;u hq;=lula f,i muKla i,ld Bg iydh ùu;a isÿ fldg we;[5]'

4.1.3  jhia.;jQjka l=gqïNh ;=< WmfoaYlhd f,i ld¾hNdrh

ukd w;aoelSï iuqodhla yd mßK;Ndjh ksidu jhia.;jQjka mjqf,a m%Odk WmfoaYlhd jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' ta wkqj fuf,iska WmfoaYkh iemhSu o Tjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrhla njg m;aj we;' úfYaIfhkau W;aij wjia:djkaj,§ pdß;%-jdß;% iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia iemhSu" orejkaf.a Ôú;fha úúO ixÈia:dkj,§ Bg wjYH hï hï Wmfoia yd Ndú;d lrk l%ufõohka" l< hq;=$ uqqyqK Èh hq;= wdldrh" yd fjk;a Wmfoia iemhSu" bvï yd iïnkaO úúO w¾nqO wjia:djkays § ;u w;aoelSï yd oekqu Tjqkag ,nd §u" merKs isß;a-úß;a" pdß;%-jdß;%" flï l%u" lshd foñka tajd u;= mrmqrg ohdo lsÍu" .Dy md,khg wjYH Wmfoia ,nd §u" orejka hy u`. heùu wd§ jYfhka WmfoaYk ld¾hfhys ksr; fjhs'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdifha § lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj fmkS hkafka tys ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § 97]lau fudjqkaf.a iydh ta ioyd wfmalaId lrk ,o njhs' fï wkqj ;SrK .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjkaf.a woyiaj, we;s jákdlu ñka ukdj fmkakqï lrhs'

jhia.;jQjka w;r o ;SrK .ekSfï l%shdj,sfha § jhia.; mqreIhskaf.a ;SrK tu jhfia ia;%Ska .kakd ;SrKj,g jvd jeä m%n,;djhla $jákdlula  ,nd f.k we;s nj fï ms<sn`oj lrk ,o wOHhkfha § fy<s úh' ia;%sh uQ,sl jQ l=gqïNhkays ;SrK .ekSfï § wehf.ka ta ms<sn`oj iydh me;=j o" weh úiska fuu wjia:dfõ l=gqïNfhys jeäuy,a mqreIhd ^mq;d& .kakd ;SrKh yd tl`. jqks'

foam, j;alï iïnkaOfhka we;s ;;a;ajh fidhd ne,Sfï § fmkS hkafka jhi wjqreÿ 65 ka by< jhia ldKavhkaf.a ck ixLHdfjka nyq;rh ;ukaf.ka miq tu foam, ;u orejkag fjka lr we;s njhs' ta wkqj tu jhia.; ck ixLHdfjka 81% la muK ;udf.ka miq whs;sh orejkag mjrd ;snQ w;r" 14% l m%udKhla miq whs;sh ìßog mjrd ;snqKs' Tjqka w;ßka 05% whs;sh lsisjl=g mjrd fkd;snqks' fuf,i  j;alï mejÍfï § Tjqka uQ,slju wfmalaId fldg we;af;a ;udf.ka miqj tu bvï whs;sh ;u orejka" ìßo hgf;a mj;ajd .ekSug hs' fuys § zorejka foudmshkag u;= Èkhl i<lkq we;ehsZZ foudmshka n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd ;sìu o fuu mjrd§ï yuqfõ olakg ,enqks'

4.2.  jhia.;jQjkaf.a iudc ld¾hNdrh

l=gqïN /il tl;=fjka iudch ilia ù we;s w;r" l=gqïN .kakd ;SrKj, wjidk m%;sM, o wjidkfha úirKh jkqfha iudch ;=<g hs' óg wu;rj fmdÿfõ mqoa.,hka iudch ;=< § o hï hï iduQysl ;SrK .ekSï isÿ lrhs' fuf,iska iudch ;=< jeo.;a fmdÿ ;SrK .ekSfï § tys ;SrKd;aul ld¾hNdrhla jhia.;jQjka w;ska bgq fõ' ta wkqj .sys-meúÈ[6] hk fomsßiu fujeks iudch ;=< b;d jeo.;a fõ'

jhia.;jqkaf.a iudc ld¾hNdrh ie,ls,a,g .ekSfï § úfYaIfhka hï hï yÈis úm;a wjia:djl § msysg ùu wruqKq fldg iduQysl ye.Sfuka hqla;j we;s lr .kakd ,o úúO wdldrfha lKavdhï b;d jeo.;a ;ekla .kS' úúO kdu hgf;a msysgqjd we;s fuu iñ;s jHdmdr" tkï urKdOdr iñ;s" wfkHdakHdOdr iñ;s jeks fmdÿ tallj, § fukau" lDIs ld¾ñl wruqKq ioyd msysgqjk ,o f.dú iñ;s wdÈfhys § o" fudjqkaf.a ld¾hNdrh b;d jeo.;a fõ' Tjqka È.= ld,hla mqrd fCIa;%fha ksr; w;aoelSï yd m<mqreoao iys; mqoa.,hka ùu ksidfjkau Tjqka i;=j fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug ufydamldÍ jk úúO l%ufõohka we;'

.x j;=r" iq<s iq<x" kdh hdï jeks wjia:dj, § yÈis wdmod iyk lghq;=j, § ksis kdhl;ajhla wfmalaId l, yelafla fydo mßK; w;aoelSï iys; mqoa.,hkaf.ka h' ta wkqj wjYH Wmldr ksis fõ,djg ksis ;ekg fhduq lsÍfu jeks mqoa., yeisr ùu jeks ld¾hka fudjqka w;ska isÿ fõ'

fuf,iskau jhia.;jQjkag iudch ;=< we;s jk m%Yak úi§fuys,d Tjqka i;=j we;af;a o úYsIag Yla;shls' ta wkqj .eg¨ iys; mqoa.,hska le`ojd fyda Tjqka tl;= fldg ksis Wmfoia ,nd §u ;=<ska iyfhda.S;djh j¾Okh lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fï fya;= fjkau fndfyda úg idu úksiqre jeks jákd iudc fiajl ;k;=re o fudjqka úiska ysñlr .kshs' tu ;k;=re Tjqka fj; m%Odkh lsÍu ;=<ska wfmalaId lrkqfha fudjqka i;= .eg¨ úi§fï yelshdj ;=<ska we;s jk .eg¨ tys uQ, wjia:dfõu wjika lsÍug hss' .%dóh uÜgfï msysgqjd we;s l=vdu wêlrK tallh jk iu: uKav,fha ld¾hNdrh yd jhia.; mqoa., odhl;ajh f.k ne¨jfyd;a fmkS hkafka jhia.;jQjka i;= úplaIKNdjh ksidfjka mqoa.,hka w;r fukau mjq,a w;r o we;s jk .egqïj,ska fndfyduhlg id¾:l m%;sl¾uhla ,efnk njhs' cd;sfNao" l=<fNao jeks wjia:dj,§ we;s jk .eg¿ úi§fï m%Odk ;Srlhka f,i fudjqka l%shd;aul ùu ffoksl Ôú;fha olakg we;s fydou ksoiqk hs'

úfYaIfhkau jhia.;jQjkaf.a wd.ñl Nla;sh o Tjqkag my< wjêj, isákd mqoa.,hkag idfmaalaIj by< uÜgl mj;S' Tjqka wd.ug oyug ióm ùu yd ;reKhka  yd tlaj úúO wdldrfha iduQysl l%shdldrlï isÿ lsÍu ;=<ska Tjqka i;= w;aoelSï iudchg úirKh lsÍfï lÈu uQ,hla njg m;aj we;' fï u.ska jerÈ ud¾. fj;g fhduq ùu iSud lr .ekSug;a tluq;=lu yd iyÔjkh j¾Okh lr .eksug;a yelshdj ,eî we;'

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[1] ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;

[2] 2003 "2004 j¾Ihkag idfmalaIj jd¾Isl j¾Ok fõ.h 1.16% la f,i i,ld m%lafIamKh lr we;

[3] 2003 "2004 j¾Ihkag idfmalaIj m%lafIamKh lr we;

[4] l;D m¾fhaIK u;

[5] tu

[6] meúÈ hkqfjka woyia lrk ,oafoa wd.ñl fNaohlska f;drj úúO wd.ñl lKavdïj, m%dOdkSka h'