Abraham Lincon

Abraham Lincon, the 16^th president of the United State of America since 1801-1865. Here is the letter written by Abraham Lincon to the head master of a school in which his son was studying, a letter so typical of the man who bore malice towards none and charity for all...

Still I find you ... but...

The only thing can't miss in the world

ඔබේ දයාබර එකම වදනකින් මගේ ආත්මය සුවපත් වේ...

මට සිඹින්න තහනම් ඇයි ඔය සුදු කම්මුල්...

What are the branches of Economics

Micro and Macro Economics

• Economics divided into two parts.
• One is Microeconomics and other one is Macroeconomics.
• Microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers, and how their behavior determines prices and quantities in specific markets
• Macroeconomics involve the "sum total of economic activity, dealing with the issues of growth, inflation and unemployment, and with national economic policies relating to these issues" and the effects of government actions on them.

The Word Economy Comes From…

• The Greek word for “one who manages a household.”
• Economics is a social science and it is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
• Therefore, Economic is the science of choice – the science that explains the choices that we make and how those choices change as we hope with scarcity.
• All economic choices can be summarized in big questions about the goods and services we produce.
• These questions are: What? How? When? Where? Who?
• What goods and services are produced and in what quantities?
• How are goods and services produced?
• When are goods and services produced?
• Where are goods and services produced?
• Who consume the goods and services that are produced?
• These five big economic questions give you a sense of what economics about. They tell you about the scope of  economics. But they don’t tell you what economics is.

Economic is a social Science?

What is economics?

•    Economics is a social science that studies how society chooses to allocate its scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to provide goods and services for present and future consumption.

Social Science

• Economics is a science, a social science that studies how society chooses.
• Sciences are alike in their use of the scientific method, although each science has its own focus.
• Social sciences focus on human behavior.
• Physical sciences focus on natural phenomenon. Psychology is a social science. Chemistry is a physical science.
• Economics is a social science, which means that economists study human behavior confronted by scarcity through application of the scientific method.
•  
• Economics is a social science that studies how society chooses to allocate its scarce resources, which have alternative uses, to provide goods and services for present and future consumption.

What is Economics?

• Economics is the study of how people choose to use resources.
• Resources include the time and talent people have available, the land, buildings, equipment, and other tools on hand, and the knowledge of how to combine them to create useful products and services.
• Important choices involve how much time to devote to work, to school, and to leisure, how many dollars to spend and how many to save, how to combine resources to produce goods and services, and how to vote and shape the level of taxes and the role of government.
• Often, people appear to use their resources to improve their well-being.
• Well-being includes the satisfaction people gain from the products and services they choose to consume, from their time spent in leisure and with family and community as well as in jobs, and the security and services provided by effective governments.
• Sometimes, however, people appear to use their resources in ways that don't improve their well-being.
• In short, economics includes the study of labor, land, and investments, of money, income, and production, and of taxes and government expenditures.
• Economists seek to measure well-being, to learn how well-being may increase overtime, and to evaluate the well-being of the rich and the poor

What is economics?

• It explain: How about the life pattern of people
• It explain: What are the goods and service needed for people
• It explain: From where people obtain goods and  service
• It explain: What are the problems people face while they obtain good and service,  and It explain: The solution for those problem

What is Arsenic

Arsenic is a chemical element, the symbol is As, atomic number 33 and relative atomic mass is 74.92. That occurs in many minerals, usually with sulfur and metals and also as a pure elemental crystal.

Arsenic is a metalloid. It can exist in various allotropes, although only the grey form has important use in industry.

The toxicity of arsenic to insects, bacteria and fungi led to its use as a wood preservative. In the 1950s a process of treating wood with chromate copper arsenate (also known as CCA or Tonality) was invented, and for decades this treatment was the most extensive industrial use of arsenic.

Tamil Alphabet

Remember... this towm I met you ..., මේ නගරය මා ඔබ

English language Certificate course 2011

English language Certificate course 2011

Ministry of Sports, Rural Development ... and Welipitiya Divisional Secretariat are ready to start the charge of free English language Certificate course for the year 2011.
The school leavers who live in welipitiya Divisional Secretariat area are also eligible to apply for this course.This course will be commence in the middle of July 2011. 

Hurry up... and write to us with your qualifications. At the left side top corner please write 'Rural Development English language Certificate course 2011' and mail to ''Divisional Secretariat, Welipitiya''.

If you want further information please call to Mr. Aruna,Course Coordinator, via 071 8348183 

ENGLISH COURSE 2011

ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා පුහුණු පාඨමාලාව 2011

දකුණු පළාත් ක්‍රීඩා ග්‍රාම සංවර්ධන අමාත්‍යංශය හා වැලිපිටිය ප්‍රාදේශිය ලේකම් කාර්යාලය එක්ව සංවිධානය කරනු ලබන ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා පුහුණු පාඨමාලාව නොමිලයේ හැදෑරීම සඳහා පාසල් හැරගිය සීමිත සිසුන් සංඛ්‍යාවක් දැන් බඳවා ගැනේ.

ඔබ... ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා දැනුම වර්ධනය කර ගැනීමට කැමැත්තෙන් පසුවන්නේ ද?

එසේ නම්,

ඔබ විසින්ම සකසා ගත් ජීව දත්ත තොරතුරු පත්‍රිකාවක් 2011 ජුලි මස 15 දිනට පෙර,

ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම්, ප්‍රාදේශීය ලේකම් කාර්යාලය, වැලිපිටිය

යන ලිපිනයට යොමු කරන්න.  ඔබ එවන ලියුම් කවරයෙහි වම් පස ඉහළ කෙළවරෙහි ‘2011 ග්‍රාම සංවර්ධන ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා පුහුණු පාඨමාලාව’ යනුවෙන් සඳහන් කරන්න

වැඩි විස්තර 041 2250238 දිගුව 26 මඟින් හෝ 071 8348183 මඟින්

සිංහල හෝඩියේ පිලි භාවිතය Usage of Sinhala 'PILI'

Sinhala alphabet

Usage of Sinhala Alphabet

Pure sinhala Alphabet

Latest Sinhala Alphebet -

if you know how much i love you

Beauty of Rose

Vesak Labanawa Toran Badinawa

මේ ප්‍රථම වසන්තයයි.....

Let's Cellebrate Wesak

Central bank Report Summery in 2010

Central Bank report Summery 2010 English Version

Positively Think

E waste

What we do in a exam

Devine is true

See

Do you knew ....

Siyabala Malak oba dote...

Do you believe

Do you know 

One Heart...................

Two Eyes........................

Seven Litter Blood.....................

47 Bones......................

1.2 Million Red Cells...........................

60 Trillion DNAs...................

 in your body.

love a friend

Love a friend, 

          who hearts you

Don't heatr a friend,

          who loves you

Sacrifice everything,

          for friends

but don't sacrifice a friend,
          for anything

Difference of War and love

War and Love

     Both have fear...

War Shed Blood

     Love Shae Tears...

War Has Arrow

     Love has Darts...

War Break Heads

     Love Break Hearts...

Idadeepan Walakule Mage yahane mal Pipenna

Conclution

6.     ks.ukh yd fhackd

jhia.;jQjka ixj¾Ok l%shd oduhg tlalr .ekSu jeo.;ajk ksid ta ioyd úfYAI ie<iqï ilialr .ekSu msKsi rch iQodkï úh hq;=h' jhia.;jQjka ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhg tlalr .ekSu" l=gqïNfhys yd fmdÿ iudc lghq;=j, fh§ug Wkkaÿ lrùu" jhia;.;jQjkag fukau iudchg o ys;lr h' ck.yk j¾Okh iSudùu iudchg ys;lr wd¾Ól jdis /ila /f.k tk l%shdj,shla jQj o" ta yd iïnkaO jhia.;ùu ms<sn`o .eg¿jg bÈß wkd.;fha § iuia: rggu uqyqK §ug isÿ fõ' úfYaIfhka fuf;la jhia.;jQjkaf.a wdrlaIdj ie,iQ orejkaf.a ixLHdj wvqfj;au tu j.lSu id¾:lj bgqlsÍug m%udKj;a msßila iudcfha fkdisàu jhia.;jQjkag muKla fkdj fmdÿfõ iudchgu uqyqK mEug isÿ jk m%Yakhls' fuu ;;a;ajh je<laúh fkdyelalls' tuksid tu ;;a;ajhg uqyqK §ug iqÿiq mßirhla f.dv ke.Su ioyd oeka isgu ie<iqï lsÍu w;HjYHh'

oekg we;s w;aoelSïj,ska fmkS hkafka fï .ek m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù ke;s njhs' m%:ufhkau wjYH ck úoHd;aul f;dr;=re /ialr .ekSu ioyd Wkkaÿ úh hq;af;a ie<iqïlrKfha § uqyqK§ug we;s jhia.;ùu yd iïnkaO .eg¿ ms<sn`oj h:d wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu ioyd h' tjeks m¾fhaIK u.ska iudcfha ish¿ fokdu oekqj;a ùu;a iu.u jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj we;s wdl,amj, fjkiaùula o n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh yelsh'

jhia.;jQjkaf.a uQ,Huh" fi!LHh yd udkisl wjYH;d ms<sn`o lghq;= lsÍu ioyd ie,iqï iïmdokh jeo.;a jkafka tu wjYH;d bgq fkdl< úg we;sjk m%;sM,h uq¿ iudchu flfrys n,mE yels ksid h' tuksid jhia.;jQjka iudchg wNsfhda.hla muKla fkdj iudch i;= iïm;la f,i o i,ld ta ms<sn`oj wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lsÍu jeo.;a h' fuu .eg¨j,g úoHd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl úiÿï ,ndÈh yels kuqÿ w;HjYH udkisl iykh ,nd §u msKsi iqÿiq ls%hd ud¾.hka fj; wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu o w;HjYH h' fuys § mjq,a ixia:dj Yla;su;a lsÍu;a" jhia.;jQjkag wjYH fiajdjka iemhSu ioyd Bg wjYH myiqlï imhd §u;a jeo.;a h'

jhia.;jQjka i;= iïm%Odhsl iy ;dlaIKsl oekqu mjq,a ixia:dj u.ska iudchg ,nd.ekSu ioyd iqÿiq mßirhla we;slsÍu jeo.;a jk w;r" Tjqkag fi!LH iïmkak l%shdldÍ cSú;hla .;lsÍug ie,iaùu uq¿ iudcfhau j.lSula yeáhg ie,lsh hq;=h' Tjqka l%shdldÍ msßila f,ig È.gu mj;ajd f.k hdu ioyd iqÿiq iajhx /lshd wdÈh ioyd wjYH myiqlï ie,iSu;a" ta ms<sn`oj Wkkaÿ lrùu;a" fmdÿfõ iudchg jdis f.k fokakls' mjq, Yla;su;a lsÍfï § úia;D; mjq,a ioyd wjYH ksjdi ie,iqï lsÍu" /lshdfõ kshe<s orejkaf.a myiqj ioyd jeäysáhkayg oyj,a ld,h ;=< wjYH /ljrKh iemhsh yels uOHia:dk we;slsÍu" jeks myiqlï ie,iSu ioyd Wkkaÿùu jeo.;a fõ'

rcfha ie,iqï iïmdokfha § jhia.;jQjka o iudcfha fldgila f,i ie,lSu w;HdjYHjk w;r rch u.ska iqN idOkh ioyd fjkalrk ,o m%;smdokj,ska úfYaI fldgila jhia.;jQjkaf.a iqNidOkh ioyd fjkalsÍu w;HjYH h' fjkiajk iudc wd¾Ól miqìu ;=< foudmshka orejka ,eîfï mrud¾: fjkiafjñka mj;akd fyhska fuf;la jhia.; jQ úg n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wdrlaIdj ioyd orejka yodjvd .eksu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu wvqfjñka mj;S' tu ksid jhia.;jQjkag wju Ôjk l%uhla ,nd .ekSu ioyd iqÿiq wd¾Ól /ljrKh ,nd §fuka mjq, u; megfjk nr ,sys,a ùu yd mjq, ;=< Tjqka rojd,Su ioyd Wmldr jkjdg ielhla fkdue;' tu.ska foudmshka Tjqkg nrlajkjdh hk ye`.Su orejka ;=<ska bj;a ùug bv ie,fia' rcfha fkdjk wdh;k oekg jhia.; jQjkag wjYH we;eï myiqlï ie<iSu ioyd flfrk lghq;=j, § rch o Tjqka iu. lsÜgqj lghq;= lsÍfuka rch u; megfjk nr ,sys,a lr .ekSu msKsi iqÿiq l%shd ud¾.hka Èh;a lsÍu wjYH fõ' .fuka k.rhg isÿ jk ixl%uK ksid .ïj, b;sßjk jhia.;jQjkaf.a udkisl wjYH;d ioyd;a" ie<iqïlrKh jeo.;a fõ'

tfukau jhia.; jQ mqreIhkaf.a wjYH;d fndfyda úg ia;%Ska w;ska bgqjkafka Tjqka mqreIhkag jvd È.= l,la Ôj;ajk fyhsks' tfy;a jhia.; jQ ia;%Ska fndfydaúg yqol,djk ksid Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn`oj o wjfndaOhlska hqla;j ie<iqï lghq;= l< hq;= fõ'

fuf,i mjq,a ixia:dj fjkia fjñka mj;sk fyhska jhia.; jQjkaf.a iEu wjYH;djhlau imhd§ug fjkiajk mjq,g fkdyels h' tfy;a ;ju;a tu ld¾hh bgq lsÍfï j.lSu iEu mjq,lgu mejÍ ;sfí' th tla;rd ÿrlg mjq, u.ska bgqlrk nj o fkdryils' tfy;a kd.ÍlrKh ksid;a .fuka k.rhg ixl%uKhùu ksid;a tu ld¾hh bgqlsÍu flfuka wisre ;;a;ajhg m;afjñka mj;sk w;r" tu l%shdoduh ;=< jhia.; foudmshkaf.a orejkafukau orejkaf.a orejka o wirKùula oelsh yels iq,N ;;a;ajhls' fuu ;;a;ajh ;rula fyda ÿrg u`.yrjd .ekSu ioyd mjq,a ixia:dj Yla;su;a lsÍu w;HjYHj mj;S' tu ksid mjq,aj,g tu ld¾hNdrh bgqlsÍu ioyd wjYH myiqlï imhd§u jeo.;a fõ'

ksjdi ie,iqïlrKfha § yd iemhSfï§;a" mjqf,a wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh kxjd,Sfï§;aa" jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .ekSfï§;a" rcfhka wdOdr iemhSfï§;a jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj wjOdkh wksjd¾hfhkau fhduq l< hq;=h'

iudch ;=< ;ju;a foudmshka yd orejka tlsfkldf.a wjYH;djhka wfkHdakHj bgqlr .ekSu isÿjk ksid jfhdajDoaêlhkaf.a wjYH;djhka ioyd hï hï jevigyka fhÈh yels fj;;a" Tjqkag wjYH udkisl iykh mjq, ;=<ska ,efnk neúka Bg ndodjk ;SrK .ekSfuka je<lsh hq;=h'

j¾;udkfha ck úoHd{hskaf.a iy rcfha mQ¾K wjOdkh mjq,a ie,iqï lsÍug;a ck.ykh md,kh lsÍug;a fhduqù we;' tfy;a ck.ykh jhia.;ùu flfrys m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduq ù fkdue;' flfia fj;;a oekg isÿfjñka mj;sk ck úoHd;aul l%shdj,sh n,kúg jeäl,a fkdf.dia jhia.;ùu b;d ne?reï iudc m%Yakhlaùug bv we;' th md,kh l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhg m;a ùug fmr ta .ek wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu b;d jeo.;a h'

tfukau rch úiska jhia.;jQjka iudcfha w;HjYH fldgila f,i i,ld Tjqkaf.a wjYH;djhka ioyd wjYH uqo,a m%;smdok m%udKj;a f,i iemhSu isÿ l< hq;=h' cd;sl ixj¾Okh ie,iqïlrKfha § tu wjYH;djhka o wjOdkhg .ekSu wksjd¾hh fõ' jhia.;jQjka m%Odk iudc m%Njfhka fjka fkdfldg Tjqka fl,skau iïnkaO lr.ekSu flfrys W;aiql úh hq;=h' Tjqkaf.a yelshdjka yd w;aoelSï iudcfha wjYH;djhka bgqlr .ekSu ioyd Wmfhda.Sfldg .; yel' iEu flfklau jhia.;Ndjhg Ôú;fha tla;rd wjia:djl § m;ajk neúka" nd," ;reK" yd jfhdajDO hk iEu ck fldgila u iudcfha w;HjYH fldgila f,i i,ld yeu fofklau ksIamdok lghq;=j,g iïnkaOlr .ekSu ioyd ie,iqï lsÍu M,odhS fõ' oekg mj;sk ;;a;ajhka hgf;a fndfyda úg jhia.;jQjka mjq,g yd rchg nrla f,i ie,fla' t ksid Tjqka wirK msßilah hk ye.Su we;sjk w;r Tjqka o iudcfha u fldgila f,ig i,ld tu wdl,am fjkia lsÍu w;HjYH h' jhia.;jQjka o b;d ls%hdldÍ Ôú;hla .; l< yels fldgila yd iudchg úYd, odhl;ajhla l,yels fldgila f,i ie,lSu;a" ta ms<sn`oj Tjqkag o hï wjfndaOhla ,nd§u;a" b;d jeo.;a lreKls' mjq, ;=< yd iudcfha lghq;=j,§ Tjqka neyer lsÍu fjkqjg wd¾Ól iudðh iy fjk;a lghq;=j,g iyNd.S lr .ekSu;a" Tjqkag udkisl ;Dma;sh f.fkk mßÈ wd.ñl lghq;=j, kshe,Sug ie,eiaùu;a w;HjYH jk w;r mjq,a ;=< we;s jk .egqï je<laùu ioyd wjYH oekqu ,nd §u;a jeo.;a h' ta w;ru Tjqka i;= úfYaI yelshdjka iudcfha hym; ioyd fhdod .ekSug Wkkaÿ úh hq;=h'

ck udOH u.ska jhia.;jQjka iïnkaOfhka oekqu uyck;djg ,nd §u yd iudc lghq;=j,§ Tjqka iyNd.S lrjd .ekSu ioyd nd, yd ;reK msßia iu`. jhia.;jQjka lghq;= lsÍug ie,eiaùfuka Bg iqÿiq mßirh ilia lr .; yel' iEu flfklau jhia.;Ndjhg m;aùu fmdÿ ixisoaêhla nj;a" tneúka tla wjia:djl iudcfha l%shdldÍ ck fldgi B<`. wjia:dfõ § jhia.;jQ fldgi njg m;a jk nj;a iudchla mj;ajd .ekSu ioyd iEu fldgilau iyNd.S;ajh w;HjYHh nj;a fmkajd §u u.ska jhia.; yd jhia.; fkdjk whf.a iyfhda.h ,nd.; yelsh' ta iu.u jhia.; Ôú;h id¾:l tlla njg m;alr .ekSu ioyd fi!LHh iïmkak Ôú;hla .; lsÍug Wkkaÿ lsÍu o l< yelsh'

óg wu;rj fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajd kshqla;slhka úY%du hdfï § fndfyuhla wdh;k ;u wd¾Ól jdis .ek is;Su ksid È.=ld,hla ;u jákd ldhsl yd udkisl Yla;sh iemhQ fiajlhkag ysia w;ska f.or hkakg isÿù we;' tneúka fuu wvqmdvqlï u.yrjd f.k ish¿u fm!oa.,sl wxYfha wdh;khlau fiajl w¾:idOl wruqo,g odhlfldg fiajlhkag úY%du hdfï § yd wk;=rl § hï wdodhula ,efnk l%uhla lrd hd hq;= h'

ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk wvq wdodhï ,nk rgla jqjo rfÜ ck;dj ñ, § .kakd iEu NdKavl§u fukau ñ, § .kakd fiajdjl§u rchg nÿ f.jhs' tneúka rchg fuu nÿ f.jk fukau f.jQ ckhd wu;l fldg hd fkdyel' tneúka fuu jhia.;jQjkag .e<fmk wdldrfha iqNidOk fiajd ie,iSu ioyd ueÈy;aúh hq;= h' ta wkqj fmdÿ m%jdyk fiajdj jhia.;jQjkag o Ndú;d l< yels wdrlaIs; mßjyk udOHhla f,i ixj¾Okh l< hq;= h'

úY%du jegqma f.ùfï § fuh rchg úYd, nrlajk neúka fuu jhia.;jQjkaf.a fiajh ;j ÿrg;a ,nd .ekSug lghq;= l< hq;=h' ta wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 60ka úY%du hdfï ld, iSudj ;j ÿrg;a È.= l< hq;=h' túg rchg jk ixl%du úhou hï uÜgulska wju lr .ekSug yelsh'

meh 24 mqrdu l%shd;aul jk .s,ka r: fiajdjla ia:dms; lsÍu jeo.;ajk w;r" jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka úfYaIs; jdÜgq fjka lsÍu" Tjqkag ri úÈh yels ckudOHh l<djla ks¾udKh lsÍu" /ljrK imhkakka mqyqKq lsÍu yd Èßu;a lsÍu" úYaj úoHd, ffjoH Wmdêh bf.k .kakd isiqkag j¾OlyD;Hh ^Geriatrics& úIhla jYfhka we;=,;a lsÍu" wdÈh isÿl< hq;=j we;'

tfukau oekg fuu m%Yakh t;rïu nrm;, tlla fkdjk fyhska idudch ;=< ta ms<sn`oj m%udKj;a wjOdkhla fhduqfldg fkdue;' ixj¾Okh jQ iudchla ;=<ska,o w;aoelSïj,ska fmkS hkafka ck.ykhla jhia.;ùfï § we;sjk .eg¿j,g uqyqK§u ioyd §¾> ld,Sk ie,iqïlrKh u.ska iQodkïùu wjYH njhs' tfia ke;fyd;a jhia.;ùu yd iïnkaO fkdfhla ixlS¾K .eg¿j,g tljru uqyqK §ug isÿ ùfuka trgg úYd, nrla yd wkjYH j.lSula njg th m;afõ' tu ksid oYl lsysmhlska we;s úh yels ;;a;ajh yd §¾> ld,Sk yd l%udKql+, ie,iqï u.ska iqÿiq ls%hd ud¾.hka bÈßm;a lsÍfuka ck.ykh jhia.;ùu ksid we;sjk .eg¿jg id¾:lj uqyqK§ug yelsjkq we;'

'iudma;hs'

The problems that face the Ageing population and the steps get to settle the problems

miajk mrsÉfþoh

05' jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨" tu .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.kwe;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

5'1 jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨"

5'1'1'wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'1'2'fi!LH" m%jdyk" fjk;a fiajdjka yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'1'3'iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5'2 tu .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï

5'2'1'wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug fhÿ ms<shï

 5'2'2'úêu;a wxYh fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug fhÿ ms<shï yd f.k we;s úiÿïj, ;sridr nj idlÉcd lsÍu

miajk mrsÉfþoh

05' jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨" tu .eg¿ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

    5.1  jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

jhia.;jQjkaf.a uQ,sl /ljrKh iy wdrlaIdj imhk tallh l=gqïNh hs' iïm%odhsl úia;D; mjq, ^Extended Family& ì§ kHIaál tallhla ^Nuclear Unit& njg m;a ùfuys m%;sM,hla f,i" iïm%Odhsl Wojq Wmldr u; jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .ekSu mokï jQ jHQyh l%ufhka ì§ hdu werUqKs' 1975 § l=gqïNhl úYd,;ajh ^Family Size& 3'8 la jQ w;r" 1975 jk úg fuh 3'1 olajd wvq úh'[1] fndfyduhla újdyjQjka Tjqkaf.a mjq,a tallh l=vd lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh' ta wkqj orejka ,eîfï ld, iSudj b;d flá l,lg iSud jQ w;r" ldka;djla jhi wjqreÿ 24 § újdy jqfha kï weh orejka ìys lsÍu jhi wjqreÿ 28ka wjika lrkakg fhÈks[2]' fuys Rcq m%;sM,h jQfha ffokslj ck.ykhg w¿;ska tl;= jk m%udKh my< hdu hs' ta wkqj <ud ck.ykh l%ufhka wvq ùug;a" jhia.; ldKavh idfmalaIj by< hdug;a[3] fuh bjy,a úh' fuys n,mEu Rcq yd jl% hk fo wdldrfhkau wd¾Ól" iudÔh" foaYmd,ksl ixialD;sl hk ish¨u jHQyhka ;=<g we;=¿ jkakg úh'

kùlrKh yd kd.ÍlrKhg yiqj we;s iudch ;=< Èfkka Èk úúO wdldrfha .eg¨ ks¾udKh jQ w;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i wd¾Ól wmyiq;d we;s ùu" úYd, uQ,H yd Ôjk nrla oeÍug isÿ ùu" udkislj we;s jk mSvkh wêl ùu wd§ jYfhka ;reK mrïmrdj fj; úúO wNsfhda. we;s jkakg úh' úfYAIfhkau fuys§ ;reK- ;reKshka úfoaY /lshd ioyd furáka msg ùu" /lshd ioyd ÿria: m%foaY fj;g ixl%uKh ùu yÿkd .; yels w;r" fuksidu foudmsh /ljrKh yd wdrlaIdj ie<iSfï yelshdj wvq jkakg úh'

fuu ish¨ fya;+ka l=gqïNh uq,a lr .;a jhia.;jQjkag Wojq Wmldr lsÍfï iïm%Odhsl moaO;sh ìo oeóug m%Odk fya;= jQ w;r" fujeks ;;a;ajhla ;=< jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ieliqkq úêu;a jHQyhl wjYH;djh iudchg fydÈka oefkkakg úh' fï wkqj fujeks iudchla ;=< jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ m%Odk wxY lsysmhla hgf;a ieflúka idlÉcd l< yel'

1.     wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

2.     fi!LH" m%jdyk" fjk;a fiajdjka yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

3.     iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

5.1.1.      wdodhï ;;a;ajh yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

jhia.;jQjkaf.a wdodhï uÜgu iudcfha wfkl=;a wdodhï ,nk ldKavhkag idfmalaIj my;a ;;a;ajhl mj;S' iuia;hla f,i je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih ;=< jhia.;jQjkaf.a idudkH udisl wdodhu remsh,a 1500'00la muK úh[4]' tu wdodhu Tjqka uQ,sl wjYH;d ,nd .ekSu ioyd jeh l< miq b;=reï ld¾hh ioyd fho ùug ;rï m%udKj;a uqo,la b;srs fkdùh' tneúka b;sß lsÍug we;s YlH;djh my< f.dia wvq b;=reï we;s ùug th fya;= úh' wvq b;sß lsÍï fuu l<dmhg muKla fkdj iuia; m%foaYhgu n,mEï t,a, lrhs' ta wkqj wvq b;=reï fya;=fjka m%d.aOk wdfhdackhg we;s yelshdj my< f.dia wdfhdack lghq;= wvd, ùug;a" /lshd W;amdokhg we;s yelshdj ySk lsÍug;a fya;= fõ' /lshd wjia:d wd¾Ólh ;=< cks; fkdùu fya;=fjka iuia; .ykfha wdodhï uÜgu my< hdu;a" tksidu fmdaIK W!K;d .eg¨ yg .ekSu;a isÿ fõ' fuh ieflúka olajf;d;a"

j.=j wxl  1- jhia.;jQjka flfrys n,mdk wdodhï úIu pl%h

           uQ,dY%h: l;D úiska ilia lrk ,È'

ksIamdokh by< fkdhdu;a" /lshd wjia:d wd¾Òlh ;=< cks; fkdùu;a ;=< l=gqïN wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh my<g .uka lrhs' fï fya;=fjka iuia; l=gqïNfhau wdodhu my< f.dia orejkag o Ôj;a ùug wmyiq ;;a;ajhla we;s ùu idudkH isÿùu hs' orejkag ksis wdodhï fkdue;s ùu ksidu orejkaf.ka fmdaIKh jk jhia.;jQjkag o ksis fmdaIK ;;a;ajhla fkd,eî hhs' wfkla w;g orejkag o Tjqkaf.a l=gqïN ;=< we;s jk wd¾Ól m%Yak Èfkka Èk W.% ùu ;=< jeäysáhka fj; fhduq lrk wjOdkh wvq lsÍug$ fjk;lg fhduq lsÍug isÿ fõ' m%udKj;a /lshd wd¾:slh ;=< fkdue;s ùu;a" mj;akd tu /lshdjkays fiajd kshqla; jqj o" W!K fiajd kshqla;shlska /lshdj lsrSug isÿ ùu ksid;a" /lshdj wm%ikak ùu;a" l=gqïN wdodhï ;;a;ajh my< hdu flfrys;a wys;lr f,i n,mdkq ,nkakg úh'

jhia.;jQjka úiska fmdaIKh lrk tkï jhia.;jQjka m%Odk wdodhï bmhSfï ldrlhd jYfhka l%shd;aul jk l=gqïNhkays fujeks wjia:djl § we;s jk ;;a;ajh ;rula ixlS¾K h' jhia.;ùu ksidu wêl f,i Y%uh jeh lsÍug fkdyels ùu;a" jeh lrk Y%uhg ksis f.ùula fkd,eîu;a" myiqfjka mdo yd fldkao ^vertebral column& wdYs%;j we;s jk frda. ;;a;ajhkag f.dÿre ùu;a ksid fujeks l=gqïNhl ish¨ fokdu wirK fõ'

udisl wdodhu b;du;a wju uÜgul mj;sk jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ,nd fok rcfha iykdOdr Tjqkaf.a mßfNdackhg o m%udKj;a ù fkdue;' rch u.ska ckiúh" iuDoaê jeks iún, .ekaùfï ls%hd ud¾. yÿkajd ÿkak o" ksjerÈ f,i iólaIK lghq;= isÿ fkdùu yd ksjrÈ ixLHd f,aLK fkdue;s ùu" ksis wëlaIKhlska f;drj fnod yeÍu isÿ ùu" foaYmd,k wêldßfha wkjYH ueÈy;a ùï mej;Su jeks ÿ¾j,;d ksid tajd m%udKj;a f,i jhia.;jQjkag fkd,eî hhs'

óg wu;rj w;S;fha mej;s ñ, o¾Yl u; mokïj ilia lrk ,o iykdOdrhkayss uQ,H jákdlï" mj;akd uQ,H fj<`o fmd< ñ, .Kka iu. ksis f,i hdj;ald,Sk fkdlsÍu ksid uqof,ys uQ¾; w.h my< f.dia fuu msßi wirK ù we;' ta wkqj uyck wdOdr jYfhka ,nd fok uqo,a óg lÈu ksoiqka imhhs' ta wkqj jhia.; tla mqoa.,hl= fjkqfjka uyck wdOdr udislj remsh,a 100'00la ,efnk w;r Tyqg hefmkakl= isák wjia:dfõ fuh remsh,a 120'00 la f,iska o" hefmkakka 02" 03" 05la jYfhka jk wjia:djka ys § ms<sfj<ska remsh,a 150'00" 180'00 yd 250'00 la jYfhka iykdOdrh l%shd;aul fjhs' wkaO mqoa.,fhl=g remsh,a 300'00 la ysñ jk w;r ,dÿre ms<sld frda.sfhl=g fuu uQ,H iykdOdrhg wu;rj remsh,a 500'00 l uqo,la uyck wdOdr hgf;a ysñfõ[5]'

rcfha fiajlhl=g fiajfhka úY%du .ekSu;a iu. úY%du jegqmla ysñ jqj o" fndfyduhla mqoa.,sl wxYfha l=vd mßudK jHjidhlhka ;=< fuf,i fiajfhka bj;aj hkakka yg m%;s,dN f.k §ug ;rï ÈhqKq l%ufõohla ,dxlsl iudc jHqyh ;=< olakg ke; ^fndfyduhla jHdmdr ;u fiajlhska fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,g odhl fkdlrhs&' fï fya;=j ksid mqoa.,sl wxYfha fiajh fldg úY%du hk mqoa.,hdg ysñ jkafka ;ud b;sß lr .;a fohla we;akï muKs' kuq;a ,xflah iudch ;=< b;sß lsÍug ;rï m%udKj;a wdodhula l=gqïN wdodhu ;=< fkdue;s ùu yÿkd .; yels m%uqL ,laIKhla jk neúka fuu jhia.;jQjka úhm;a ùu;a iu. ;j ;j;a wirK njg m;a ùula yÿkd .; yelsh'

5.1.2.      fi!LH" m%jdyk yd fjk;a fiajdjka iïnkaO .eg¨

f,dj fndfyduhla rgj, fukau Y%S ,xldfõ o fi!LH fiajdj iqN idOk fiajdjla jYfhka mj;ajd f.k hhs' fuf,i iqN idOk fiajdjla jYfhka mj;ajd f.k .sh o" th m%udKj;a yd M,odhs wdldrfhka isÿ fkdùu .eg¨ we;s lrhs' Bg fya;=j Y%S ,xldj ;=< fi!LH fiajdj mj;ajd f.k hdfï § ld,Sk wjYH;d flfrys fhduq lr we;s wjOdkh$ixfõ§ ùu wvq neúks' Y%S ,xldj f;jk f,dj wvq wdodhï ,nk rgla ùu;a" ta fya;=fjkau úúO úIhhka ioyd fhoúh yels uqo,a m%udKh iSñ; ùu;a oelsh yels fmdÿ ,laIKhls[6]' ta wkqj ffjoHjrekaf.a yd mqyqKq frday,a ld¾hh uKav,fha ys`.lu" idhk myiqlï fkdue;s ùu yd mej;sh o th m%udKj;a fkdùu" frday,a WmlrK ys`.h" frday,a w;r we;s N+f.da,Sh ÿria:Ndjh fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

Y%S ,xldfõ frday,a jHQyh wkqj m%dfoaYsh f,alï fldÜGdi lsysmhla wdjrKh jk mßÈ .%dóh frday,la$idhk uOHia:dkhla ne.ska my<u uÜgfï tall msysgqjd we;s w;r" fuu OQrdj,sfha by<skau msysá uy frday,a$ YSlaaIK frday,a msysgqjd we;af;a ck.ykhg idfmalaIj Èia;%slal fyda m<d;a uÜgñks' jhia.;jQjkag m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § fuu frday,a lrd hdug isÿ jk w;r" frdayf,a wdh;ksl msysàu yd jhia.;jQjkaf.a ldhsl yelshdj w;r fkd.e<mSula we;s fõ' jhia.;jQjkag fndfyda ÿrla f.jd frday, lrd hdug isÿ ùu;a" frday, ;=< § ffjoHjrhl= yuq ùu tla ia:dkhl§;a" wjYH mÍlaIK lghq;= ;j;a ia:dkhl§;a" m%;sldr yd T!IO ,nd .ekSu ;j;a ia:dhl§;a wd§ jYfhka tlsfklg iïnkaO fkdjQ ia:dksl msysàu ksid fudjqkaf.a YdÍßl ;;a;ajh .ek fkdis;du fudjqkag fndfyda fõ,djla frday,a N+ñh ;=< /§ isàug;a" fndfyda ÿrla .uka lrkakg;a isÿ fõ'

frday,a m%;sldr yd T!IO ,nd .ekSfï § Tjqka fjkqfjka ilia jQ úfYAIs; ia:dk fkdue;s w;r wfkla frda.Ska o iu`. tlu fmda,sfï È.= fõ,djla ;u jdrh tk;=re /§ isàug isÿ fõ' wêl ;onoh yd bvlv myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu o" mäfma,s jeks .uka ndOl mej;Su o fudjqka wmyiq;djhg ,la lrkakla úh'

jhia.;jQjka frday,g meñKs miq hd hq;= kshñ; ia:dkh yÿkd .ekSug Wojq Wmldr fkd,eîu;a" frday,a ld¾hh uKav,fha wvq ie,ls,a,;a fudjqka flfrys whym;a f,i n,md we;'

óg wu;rj fm!oa.,sl ffjoH fiajd iemhSfï uOHia:dk kd.ßl m%foaY wdYs%;j msysgq ùu;a" .%dóh uÜgñka tajd fkdmsysgq ùu;a Tjqkaf.a n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;j ÿrg;a ìo oeóug iu;a ù we;'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï n, m%foaYfha .%dóh frday,la muKla msysgd we;s w;r" isÿ lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjkaf.ka  81]la rcfha frday, m%;sldr ,nd .ekSu ioyd Ndú;d l< w;r" 11]la rcfha yd mqoa.,sl wxYfha ia:dkj,ska m%;sldr ,nd .kakd ,È' ;j;a 08]la mqoa.,sl wxYh fj;skau muKla m%;sldr ,nd .ekSu ioyd fhduq ù we;'

jhia.;hjQjka nyq;rhla uOqfïyh (Diabetics Mellitus)" wê reêr mSvkh (High Blood Pressure)" wd;rhsàia (Arthritis)" iajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.dndO (Bronchial Asthma)" isys u`o .;sh (Dementia)" uq;%d ud¾.h wdYs%; .eg¨ (Urinary Problems)" lrleú,a, (dizziness) jeks frda.hkag f.dÿre ù ;snqKs' fuys § jhia.;jQjka w;ßka jhi wjqreÿ 70g by< jhia.;jQjka w;r nyq;rhlg Tiaáfhda wd;rhsàia (Osteoarthritis)" iajik moaO;sh wdY%s; frda.dndO (Bronchial Asthma) mej;=ks' jhia.;jQjkag fmr olajk ,o frda. ;;a;ajhkag wu;rj weiSu yd fmkSu wdY%s; frda. ;;a;ajhka fmdÿfõ olakg ,eìKs' jhia.;jQjkaf.ka 19]lg ;ksju m%;sldr lghq;= lr .ekSug yels jQ w;r" ;j;a 8]l msßilg m%;sldr lghq;=j, § Wojq Wmldr w;HjYHhu úh[7]'

frday,aj, mj;akd T!IO ys.h ksid o jhia.;jQjka ;j ;j;a wmyiq;djhlg m;a úh' ta wkqj uqo,a f.jd T!IO ñ,hg .ekSug isÿ ùu;a" ta ioyd wu;r Y%uh yd Okh jeh ùu;a .eg¨jla jYfhka yÿkd .kakd ,È'

jhia.;jQ wfhl= ksjfia § hï wk;=rlg f.dÿre jqj fyd;a jydu frday, lrd /f.k taug wjYH .s,ka r: fiajdjla fkdue;s ùu ksid jhia.;jQjka frday,g /f.k tk w;r u. Ôú;laIhg m;a úh yels h' tfiau iudch ;=< yÈis wjia:djlÈ l%shd;aul ùu ms<sn`oj we;s wjfndaOh yd oekqu u`o nj o jhia.;jQjka flfrys wys; lr f,i n,md we;'

jhia.; frda.Ska Ndú;d lrk Y%jH-oDIH WmlrKj, ñ, by< uÜgul mej;Su ksidu Tjqkag tu myiqlï ,nd .ekSug fkdyels ù we;' Tjqkag fïjd hï wdldrlska Ndú;d lsßug wjldY ,enqfka kï Tjqkaf.a ieoE iuh fld;rï i;=áka .; lrhs o?

jhia.;jQjka flfrys n,mdk ;j;a tla fiajd iemhqï udOHhla f,i m%jdyk fiajd udOHh yeÈkaúh yelsh' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd iuia; u.S m%jdyk fiajh ms<sn`oju t;rï i;=gq ùug fkdyel' ta wkqj óg jvd hym;a" ld¾hlaIu" fydo m%jdyk fiajdjla iemhSug ish¿ wod, wxY lghq;= l< hq;= h'

jhia.;jQjka r:h ;=<g kxjd .ekSug m%jdyk fiajl uy;=ka wlue;s ùu;a" r:h ;=< § b`o .ekSug iqÿiq ia:dkhla fkd,eîu;a" fiajl uy;=kaf.a wlreKdj;a ksidu jhia.;jQjka oeä Ñ;a; mSvdjlg ,laj we;' r:h ;=<g we;=¿ ùu yd msgùfï § ksis Wojq Wmldr fkdue;sùu ksid fukau md mqjrej Wiska mej;Su ksid o jhia.; YÍr Yla;sh wvq fuu ck;dj úúO w;=re wdndohkag ,laj we;' óg wu;rj Tjqka Ndú;dlrk WmlrK fuu m%jdyk udOHhg iïnkaOùfï § /f.k hdug we;s wmyiqj o ;j;a tla .eg¨jla njg m;aj we;'

jhia.;jQjkag lrKjEñ fiajdj ,nd .ekSu o wo .eg¨jla njg m;aj ;sfí' óg m%Odk fya;=j ù we;af;a kùlrKh jQ hka;%dkqidrfhka l%shd;aul WmlrK iys; wdh;k ìys ùu;a" tjeks wdh;k jhia.;jQjkag fiajd iemhSug wlue;s ùu;a h' wfkla w;g jhia.;jQjka fuu hka;% Ndú;hg wlue;s ùu;a" tys fiajlhka iïm%Odhsl WmlrK Ndú;hg wlue;s ùu;a fuys,d lemS fmfkhs'

5.1.3        iudch yd iïnkaOj jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨

iudch ;=<ska jhia.;jQjkag .re ie<ls,s fkd,eîu" ;reK fukau nd, m%cdj fudjqkag Wiq¿ úiq¿ lsÍï fukau" fok wjjdo ms<s.ekSug ue,slula oelaùu wd§ fya;=ka ksidfjka jhia.;jQjka udkislj wmyiq;djhg m;aj we;'

orejka ksrka;rj meñK jhia.; jQ foudmshkaf.a iem-ÿl úuid n,hs kï Tjqka bka buy;a m%S;shla ,nhs' kuq;a orejka úfoaY.; ùu" ÿria: m%foaYj,g ixl%uKh ù isàu" Tjqka o ld¾hh nyq, mqoa.,hka njg m;aùu jeks orejkag o úúO m%Yak mej;Su ksidfjka ksrka;r foudmsh ÿl iem ne,Sug we;s yelshdj wvq ù we;'

je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih wdYs%;j lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj orejka foudmshkaf.a ÿl-iem ne,Su ioyd meñKsh o foudmshkag orejkaf.a ÿl-iem ne,Sug Tjqka fj; hdug we;s wjia:d wju nj fuys § yÿkd .ekSug yels úh' ta wkqj iuia;hla f,i orejka foudmshka ne,Sug jdr 03 la meñfKk úg foudmshka Tjqka ne,Sug tla jdrhla muKla hkq olakg ,enqKs' fndfyda foudmshkaf.a ifydaor ifydaßhka iómj Ôj;a jqj o Tjqkaf.a orejkaf.a ;;a;ajh i,ld n,k l< Tjqka ÿria:j úiSu fuhg fya;= úh' fuys § jhia.; ck.ykfhka 30% l m%udKhl orejka lsf,daógr 05 g jvd ÿßka Ôj;ajQ w;r ;j;a 55% l msßilaa lsf,daógr 05g wvq ÿrlska Ôj;a úh' fuf,i iómj Ôj;a ùu ksidfjka Tjqkag foudmshkaf.a ÿl iem ksrka;r wjOdkhg fhduq lsÍug yels ù we;' wfkla w;g iómj úiSfï § foudmshkag orejkaf.a yd Tjqkaf.a uqKqnqre-ñKsìßhkaf.a wjYH;d flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug myiq ù we;s nj yÿkd .; yels úh'

ieñhd fyda ìßo ñh.sh mqoa.,hkag Tjqka Wfoid mska oyï lsßug fkdyels ù we;' Bg fya;=j ù we;af;a fndfyda úg Tjqka wdodhï Wmhkakka fkdùu;a" wdodhï bmehQj o tu Wmhk wdodhu Bg m%udKj;a fkdjk ksid;a h' fuksid Tjqka ;u ye.Sï wkHhkag fkdfmkajqj o isákqfha udkisl wmyiq;djfhks'

jhia.;ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d fuf,iska bgq lr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Tjqkag ;u w;S;h fufkys ùu;a" ta iu. ksrka;r l< lsÍï yg .ekSu;a we;s fõ' úfYaIfhkau fujeks ;;a;ajhka Tjqkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs' ta wkqj Tjqkaf.a YdÍßl ;=,H;djh my< f.dia myiqfjka frda.j,g f.dÿre fõ'

5.2.           jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ u`. yerùug f.k we;s ms<shï yd Tjqkaf.a iqN idOk lghq;= bgq jk wdldrh

fmr olajk ,o wdldrhg je,smsáh m%dfoaYSh f,alï fldÜGdih wdYs%;j jhia.;jQjka iïnkaOfhka úúO .eg¨ yÿkd .kakd ,È' fuf,i we;s jQ .eg¨ úúO wdldrfha WmlrK fhdod .ksñka iukh lsÍug úúO wxY W;aidy f.k we;' .eg¨jg fhÿ ms<shï u; .eg¨j,ska fldgila ta iu. úi§ we;s w;r" ;j;a fldgila ioyd úiÿï ,nd ,nd §ug b;sßj mj;S' fuf,i úiÿï ,nd fok wdldrh wxY lsysmhla hgf;a idlÉcd l< yelsh' ta wkqj"

1.       jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fhÿ ms<shï

2.       jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi`od .ekSug úêu;a wxYh ^rch& fhÿ ms<shï jYfhks'

;ju;a fmrÈ. wdishdkq iudcfha b;d Yla;su;a mjq,a in`o;d oelsh yelsh' ta wkqj jhia..;jQjkag fiajd ie,iSfï § b;du iqÿiq wdh;kh mjq, nj fkdryils' tfy;a tu ld¾hh id¾:lj bgq lsÍu ioyd mjq,a ixia:djg fjk;a wdh;k yd mqoa.,hkaf.a wdOdr Wmldr w;HjYH jkq we;' fuu imhkq ,nk iydh yÈis wjia:djg imhk iydhla fkdúh hq;= w;r È.gu mj;ajd f.k hd yels tajd úh hq;=h' fï ioyd úêu;a yd wúêu;a wxYh w;r oeä in`o;djhla we;s lr .ekSu fhda.H jkq we;'

5.2.1.     jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug wúêu;a wxYh ^l=gqïN yd m%cdj& fhÿ ms<shï

fmrÈ. iudcfha mjq,a ixia:dj b;du;au jeo.;a tallh f,iska ie,fla' fuys m%;sM,hla f,iska j¾;udkfha mjd jhia.;jQjkaf.ka nyq;rhla mjq,a ixia:dfõ /ljrKh m;ñka Ôj;a fõ' tfy;a iudc fjkialï wkqj we;s .eg¨ yd jhia.;jQjkaf.a ixLHdj YS>%fhka j¾Okh ùu ksid tu iïm%odhsl ld¾hh bgq lr .ekSug wmyiq ;;a;ajhla mjq, ;=< Woa.; fjñka mj;S' fï fya;=fjka fuu ck;djg úúO wdldrfha .eg¨ we;s jk nj olakg ,enqKs' fuf,i jhia.;jQjkag we;s jq fuu .eg¨ úiod .ekSug mjq,a ixia:dj ;=<" iudch ;=< .;a mshjr úúO fõ'

jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok m%Odk .eg¨jls Tjqka jhia.;ùu;a iu. wdodhï bmehSfï yelshdj my< hdu;a" tneúka Tjqkaf.a wdodhï uÜgu my;a w.hla .ekSu;a' ta wkqj Tjqkag Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug fukau l=gqïNfha wjYH;djhka o bgq lsÍug fkdyels ù we;' jfhdajDoaêlhka úiska fmdaIKh lrk fndfyduhla tall fï fya;=fjka ;j ;j;a wirK ù we;' fuys § fuu .eg¨j úiÈu ioyd l=gqïNhg hï wdldrhlska ueÈy;aùula l, yelsh' ta wkqj fuf;la jfhdajDoaêlhka isÿ lrk ,o wdodhï bmehsfï ld¾hh orejka fyda mjqf,a idudðlhl= ndr .ekSu ;=<ska fudjqka flfrys we;s mSvkh wju l< yelsh' ta wkqj jhia.;jQjkag wkjYH f,i uykaisùug wjYH fkdjk w;r Tyqg iekis,af,a Ôj;aùug yelsh'

mjqf,a m%Odk wdodhï Wmhkakd jfhdajDoaêlhk jk l=gqïNhkays fuu m%Yakh ;rula ixlS¾K iajrEmhla .kS' ta wkqj fmr olajk ,o wdldrhg fuys § fudyq wdodhï bmehSfï ld¾hfhka ksoyia l< fkdyel' óg fya;=j jkafka tu mjqf,a wksl=;a wdodhï bmehsh yels mqoa.,hka wOHdksl jk miqìul fyda frda.Ska ù we;akï Tjqka fjkqfjka m%cdj uQ,sl ú wdOdr Wmldr isÿ lrhs' ta wkqj úúO wdldrfha YsIH;aj ,nd §u yd udislj wdodhï bmeoúh yels wdldrhg fuu mjq,a ilia lrhs' fuys§ iajhx /lshd we;s lsÍu m%Odk fõ'

;jo jfhdajDoaêlhka ioyd m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § Tyq frday,g fyda T!IO ,nd .kakd ia:dkhg /f.k hdu Tyqf.a wdrlaIdjg fukau Ñ;a; Yla;sh j¾Okh lsÍug o fya;= fõ' fuys § jfhdajDoaêlhka È.= fõ,djla fmda,sfï fkd;nd tu Ndrlre tu fmda,su ;=< /§ isáñka wjYH lghq;= ixúOdkh lrhs' fï wkqj fndfyda fõ,d /§ isàfuka jk wmyiq;djfhka Tyq ksoyia fõ' úfYaIfhka T!IO ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka ksfhdað; ld¾hh legqj hkakd isÿ lrk w;r fmdÿ u.S m%jdyk fiajh Ndú; lrkafka kï Tyqg we;=,aùug" bo .ekSug" kej; neiSug iudch Wojq Wmldr lsÍu isÿ lsÍu;a ;=<ska fudjqkag we;s mSvkh yd wkdrlaIdj wju fldg we;'

iudch ;=< fudjqka Wiq¿ úiq¿ j,g ,laùu wju fldg we;s w;r ta wkqj iudchg jhia.;jQjkaf.a ienE iajrEmh fy<s lsÍu" Wojq Wmldr lrk msßila njg m;a lsÍug wjYH oekqj;a lsÍfï lghq;= fndfyduhla mqoa.,sl wdh;k" iafõÉcd ixúOdk uQ,sl;ajfhka isÿ fldg we;' fiajd imhk wdh;k o Tjqkag úfYaIs; myiqlï imhd we;' ta wkqj úfYaI myiqlï iys; wdik Tjqkag mkjd we;s w;r rojd .ekSfuka f;drj blauKska wjYH fiajdj ,nd §u ;=<ska fuu jfhdajDoaêlhk yg wúêu;a wxYh fj;ska ,nd Èh yels fiajdj ,nd § we;'

fuys§ f;dard .;a m%foaYfha jfhdajDoaêlhka wdY%fhka l< wOHhkfha § fy<s jQfha fudjqkaf.a fydou /ljrKh imhkakd ;u orejka nj Tjqka úYajdi l< njhs'

óg w;sf¾lj úoHq;a yd uqøs; udOH Ndú; lrñka jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjkaa fjkqfjka úfYaI jev igyka úldYh l, yel' ta wkqj fuu jev igyka ;=<ska m%cdj fj; wjYH mKsjqvh jQ jhia.;jQjka hkq wm iudcfhau fldgila ñi úfYaIs; ldKavhla fkdjk njg ta;a;= .ekaúh yels h' jhia.;jQjkag Wojq lsÍu hq;=lula fukau j.lSula nj ;yjqre l, yelsh' úfYaIs; iïuka;%K" foaYk wdÈh mj;ajd tajd ms<sn`oj fydo m%pdrhla ,nd §ug o fuu udOHhka Ndú; l, yelsh' m%dfoaYsSh uÜgfuka fi!LH l`ojqre mj;ajd jhia.;jQjkag wjYH fi!LH myiqlï ,nd §u o isÿ l, yels h' óg wu;rj úúO iafõÉcd ixúOdk ueÈy;aùfuka úúO wdldrfha jhia.;jQjkag wjYH WmlrK iemhsh yels h' ta wkqj frdao mqgq" lsys,slre" ierhá" weia lKaKdä yd wksl=;a Y%jH yd oDIH WmlrK iemhSu isÿ l, yelsh'

óg wu;rj jeäysá ksjdij, Ôj;ajk ck;djg wjYH úúO WmlrK iemhSu" jhia.;jQjka iyNd.S lr .;a úúO W;aij wjia:d ixúOdkh lsÍu" ri leú,s wdÈh wdydrhkag wu;rj iemhSu" fydo jia;%hka ,nd §u" ldreKsl fiajdjla iemhSu wdÈh ;=<ska wúêu;a wxYhg fuu jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug iyNd.s úh yelsh'

5.2.2.     jhia.;jQjka uqyqK fok .eg¨ úiod .ekSug úêu;a wxYh ^rch& fhÿ ms<shï

cd;sl uÜgfuka wdodhï .eg¨j úi§ug ueÈy;aùfï § úêu;a wxYh wdodhï uÜgu wkqj l%shd;aul iykdOdr l%uhka fï ioyd WmldÍ lr f.k we;' ta wkqj È<s`ÿ iyk l+mka m;a" ckiúh" j¾;udkfha iuDoaê jeks úúO kdu hgf;a iudcfha wdodhï uÜgu b;du;a wvq mqoa.,hska iú n, .ekaùfï úúO jev igyka l%shdjg k.d we;' fuys§ /ljrKh wjYH jfhdajDoaêlhka ljqoehs f;dard Tjqkag wdOdr ,nd §u fï hgf;a isÿ fõ'

óg wu;rj rdcH wxYfha úY%duhkakka ioyd úY%du jegqmla yÿkajd §u o" rdcH wxYfha fkdjk ish¿u fiajlhka ioyd w¾: idOl wruqo,g odhl lr .ekSug lghq;= fldg we;' 1958 we;s lrk ,o fuu fiajl w¾: idOl wruqo,g ish¿u rdcH wxYfha fukau fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fiajlhka we;=,;a l< hq;= njg olajd we;' ta wkqj úY%du jhig t<öu;a iu. tf;la fiajd fhdaclhd yd fiajd odhlhdf.ka wh lr .;a uqo,a Tyqg tl jr ,nd .ekSug yels jk w;r" fuh jhia.;jQjkag wjidkfha úYd, jdishls' ;jo f.dú;ek ;u m%Odk Ôúldj lr .;a mqoa.,hkag ieoE iufha ;u oEf;ys Yla;sh fkdue;s wjia:dfõ b;sß jk fohla fkdue;' fï fya;=j ksidu f.dú;eka lrk ck;dj Wfoid 1987 § wdrïN lrk ,o f.ú úY%du jegqma yd iudc wdrlaIK l%uh u.ska f;dard.;a lDIs fCIa;% lsysmhla wdjrKh lrñka jhi wjqreÿ 60 blau jQ miq úY%du jegqmla ,nd foa' Bg wu;rj úúO rlaIK wdh;k jhia.;ùu;a iu. úúO wdldrfha m%;s,dN ysñ jk rlaIK l%uhka fudjqkaf.a ieoE iuh wdrlaIKh ioyd yÿkajd § we;'

;jo jhia.;jQjka ioyd úfYaI yeÿkqï m;la ksl=;a lrkq ,nk w;r fuu yeÿkqïm; Wmldrfhka rcfha m%jdyk udOH ;=< fkdñ,fha .uka lsÍug;a" rcfha Tiqie,a u.ska fndy;a ,nd .ekSfï§ 5] l jÜgï uqo,la ysñlr .ekSug;a fudjqkag yelsù we;'

jhia.;jQjka uqyqKmdk ;j;a .eg¿ldÍ wjia:djla f,i fi!LH yd m%jdyk fCIa;%h iïnkaOfhka we;s jk .eg¿ oelaúh yels h' ta wkqj wdh;ksl uÜgfuka .;a mshjr w;r" frda.S m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï § jhia.;ùu;a iu`. idudkHfhka nyq,j yÿkd.;a frda.ldrl ;;a;ajhka ioyd m%;sldr lsÍfï § úfYAIs; idhk ta ioyd msysgqùu;a" Bg wkqnoaê; wfkl=;a tall o tu m%foaYfhka myiqfjka ,nd .; yels mßÈ ia:dms; lsÍu;a fuys § jeo.;a fõ'

rcfha wdfrda.H Yd,d ÿßka msysàu ksid Bg jeh l< hq;= ld,h wêl ú we;' kuq;a wjYH;djfha m%udKh u; Ndú;d lsÍu ioyd fjk;a fm!oa.,sl ffjoH fiajd myiqlï o fuys§ ia:dms; lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj mqoa.,sl ffjoH Yd,d m%foaY ;=< ia:dms;ùu j¾Okh lsÍug isÿ fõ' ta wkqj frda.Skag yÈis m%;sldr lghq;= blauKska yd myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug fuh úYd, msgqjy,la fõ'

T!IO ñ, .Kka by< uÜgul mej;Su o jhia.;jQjkag Tjqkaf.a fi!LH ;a;a;ajh wdrlaId lr .ekSfï § ydkslr úh yelsh' ta wkqj jhia.;jQjkag úfYAIs; wdldrhlg T!IO ,nd .; yels l%uhla fuys § ia:dms; úh hq;=j we;' ta wkqj rdcH T!IO ks;s.; ixia:dfõ uOHia:dhkays § yd ksfhdað; Tiqie,aj,ska fuu fiajh blauKska yd myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yels jk wdldrhg lghq;= iïmdokh lr we;' fuys § jhia.;jQjkag m%uqL;djhla fukau jÜgï  uqo,la o T!IO ñ, § .ekSfï § ysñ fõ'

úfYaIfhkau wo mj;akd m%jdyk fiajdj jfhdajDoaO mqoa.,hkag Ndú;d l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhl mj;S' tneúka Tjqkag .e,fmk m%jdyk fiajdjla fuu lafIA;%h ;=< ia:dms; lsÍug wod, lghq;= isÿ l< hq;= fõ' jhia.;jQjkag blaukska yd myiqfjka we;=¨ùu fukau msgùug wjYH myiqlï fuu r: ;=< ;sìh hq;= w;r" Tjqka Ndú; lrk WmlrK /f.k hdug o yelsúh hq;= h' ta wkqj frdao mqgqjla Wmldrfhka .uka ìuka hk jhia.; mqoa.,hka tu mqgqjo iu`. r:h ;=<g we;=,a lr .ekSug" kej; msg lsÍug yels úh hq;= wdldrfhka ieliqkq myiqlï fuu m%jdyk udOHh i;= úh hq;= h'

wo mj;akd m%jdyk udOHh ;=< jhia.;jQjl=g fkdj ;reK mqoa.,hl=g mjd .uka l< fkdyel' tfiau frday,a yd m%Odk k.r hd lrk m%jdyk fiajdjla o ia:dms; úh hq;=j we;s w;r" fï jk úg ia:dmkh lr we;s fiajdj jhhia.;jQjkago Ndú;d l< yels uÜÜug ilia l< hq;=h' úkS; wdpdrYS,s ßhÿrka fukau fldkafodia;r uy;=ka fuu fiajdjg we;=,;a lr .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'

jhia.;ùu;a iu`. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d bgqlr .ekSug fkdyels jk úg Tjqkag ;u w;S;h fufkys ùu;a" ta iu`.u ksrka;r l< lsÍï yg.ekSu;a we;s fõ' úfYaIfhkau fujeks ;;a;ajhka Tjqkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh flfrys n,mdkq ,nhs' tneúka jhia.;jQjkaf.a udkisl .eg¨ úi§u i`oyd úêu;a ufkda ffjoH tall ia:dmkh l< hq;=h'

óg wu;rj frday,a wdY%s;j jhia.;jQjkaf.a yÿkd.;a fmdÿ frda. ldrl ;;a;ajhka fjkqfjka fjku tall we;s lsÍu ;=<ska Tjqkag wjYH fiajdj myiqfjka ,nd §ug úêu;a wxYh lghq;= fldg we;'

5.3.           rch u`.ska fuu jfhdajDoaêlhka fjkqfjka kS;suh jYfhka .kakd ,o mshjr lsysmhla

Y%S ,xldj 1940 .Kkaj,oSu jhia.;ùu ms<sn`o oek isá neúka ta wkqj wirK jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`oj fiùug Y%Su;a whsj¾ fckska.aiaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka 1944 § iudc fiajd fldñIu m;a lrk ,È[8]' fuu fldñIu úiska lrk ,o wOHhkhg wkqj iyk wjYH wirK jQ whf.ka 37] lau jhia.;jQjka nj yÿkd .kakd ,È' fuys§ fuu ;;a;ajh wjfndaO lr .;a wd.ñl iy mqKHdh;k jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka fjku ksjdi tall wrUd tajd mj;ajdf.k hdu fuu ld,fha§ wdrïN úh' fuf,i wdrïN l< fuu wdh;k u.ska jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍfï jev igyka l%shdjg kxjk ,È'

1982 § m<uq jrg ´iaá%hdfõ úhdkdj, werô f,dal jhia.;jQjkaf.a iuq¿fõ§ jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o úhdkd wka;¾cd;sl ie,eiau iy tlai;a cd;Skaf.a jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o uQ,O¾uhkag wkqj jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍug Y%S ,xldj lghq;= lrk nj oekqï § we;[9]'

ta wkqj Y%S ,xld jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lsÍu i`oyd cd;sl uÜgfuka mshjr rdYshla f.k we;s w;r tajd ieflúka olajkafka kï"

1.      jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o cd;sl fldñIu ^National committee on Ageing) we;s lsÍu

fuh iudc fiajd yd iqN idOk wud;HxYh hgf;a l%shd;auljk wdh;khlajk w;r jhia.;jQjka ioyd m%;am;a;s ilia lsrSu" ie,iqï iïmdokh lsÍu" jevigyka ie,iqïlrKh isÿ lrk ,È' ta wkqj fuu fCIa;%fha m%ùKhka iy wod, rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, ks,OdÍka" iafõÉcd ixúOdkj, ks,OdÍka tl;=fldg fuu jev igyka l%shdjg ke.=ks' fuu fldñIu u.ska rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, l%shdldrlï iïnkaëlrKh lrhs' ta wkqj ESCAP, UNDA iy Helpage Sri Lanka jeks wdh;k iu. miq.sh úis jir ;=< Y%S ,xld rch yd tla ù úYd, fiajhla jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka isÿfldg we;'

2.      jhia.;jQjka ms<sn`o cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh (National Policy on Ageing)         yÿkajd §u

fuys uQ,sl wruqK jQfha jhia.;jQjkag wjYH kdhl;ajh iy Bg wjYH  uQ,sl l%shd ud¾. ks¾udKh fldg fydo jgmsgdjla ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' ta wkqj jhia.;jQkaf.a M,odhs nj we;sfldg iudÔh" wd¾Ól" fN!;sl yd wOHd;aóh nj j¾Okh lsÍug o" jhia.;jQjkaf.a ksoyi iy;sl lsÍu" Tjqkaf.a iyNd.S;aj j¾Okh" f.!rjh yd wdrlaIdj Tjqka flfrys we;s lsÍu fuys uQ,sl wruqK ù we;'

3.        rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkj, iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .ekSu ^NGO Participation)

cd;sl yd cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk jhia.;jQjka wdrlaId lrñka mq¿,a ld¾hNdrhla lrhs' ta wkqj cd;Hka;r rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk" iafõÉcd ixúOdk Èßu;a lsÍu yd kùlrKhg wjYH l%shdud¾. .ekSu ;=<ska fõ.fhka j¾Okhjk ck.ykhg wjYH wdrlaIdj yd iqN idOkh we;sfldg Èßu;a lrhs' ta wkqj UN-ESCAPE iy Helpage International tlaj fuu iïnkaëlrKfha oS úYd, odhl;ajhla" iydhla jhia.;jQjkaf.a .=K;ajh we;s lsrSu ioyd olajd we;'

4.        jhia.;jQjka ioyd kS;s ilia lsrSu ^Legislation for the Elderly)'

fï wkqj jhia.;jQjka /l .ekSu ioyd úúO kS;s-Í;s yÿkajd § we;' úfYaaIfhkau jeäysáhkaf.a whs;sjdislï ms<sn`o 2000 wxl 09 orK mK; jeo.;a fõ' óg wu;rj jhia.;jqjka Wfoid wu;r l%shd ud¾. /ila f.k we;' ta wkqj

*       jhia.;jQjka fjkqfjka cd;sl iNd msysgqùu'

*       jeäysáhkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId lsÍu'

*       jhia.;jQjkag fiajd imhk wdh;k yd mqoa.,hka ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu'

*       jhia.;jjqka ioyd iqN idOl wruqo,la msysgqùu'

*       jhia.;jQjkag we;sjk úúO .eg¨ úi§u ioyd uKav,hla m;a lsÍu'

wd§ jYfhka l%shdud¾. /ila f.k we;' tu wK-mK;aj, jhia.;jQjkaf.a whs;sjdislï wdrlaId fkdlrkafka kï Bg wod,j .; yels mshjrhka ms<sn`oj o olajd we;'

 ;jo Elderly kñka m%ldYkhla ksl=;a lsÍu o" jhia.;jQjkag hï widOdrKhla jkafka kï .;hq;= l%shd ud¾." Wmfoia wdÈh o fuys we;=,;aj we;' óg wu;rj jhia.;jQjka /ln,d .kakd l=gqïNhka fj; ta ioyd wjYH wOHdmksl oekqu yd uq,H wdOdr o ,nd §u isÿ lrhs'

5.      jhia.;jQjka ioyd yÿkd.ekqïm;a ,nd§u ^Identity card For Elderly People)

iudc fiajd wud;HdxYh u.ska jhia wjqreÿ 65g by< mqoa.,hka yg úfYaIs; yeÿkqïm;la ,ndoSug ie,iqï lr we;' ta wkqj ld¾h nyq, rdcH wdh;k fj;ska ^frday,a" nexl= jeks wdh;k& myiqfjka yd blaukska úYajikShj fiajdjla ,nd.ekSug wjYH lghq;= lr we;'

6.        wdodhï iqrlaIs;;djh ^Income secure)

jhia.;jqjkag o iudch ;=< Ôj;aùfï§ wNsudkfhka hqla;j Ôj;aùug wdodhula ;sìh hq;=h' ta wkqj úY%du jegqma fhdackd l%uhla" fiajd kshqla;s Ndrldr uKav,h yd tlaj" rdcH yd iuQmldr fiajfha fiajd kshqla;slhkag iudc wdrlaIdj ,nd§u wruqKska we;s lr we;' óg wu;rj rdcH yd fjk;a mqoa.,sl ixúOdk tlaj fuu wruqo, k.d isgqùu ioyd odhl ù we;' fuys m%;sM,hla f,i 1996 iudc wdrlaIdj yd úY%du jegqma fhdackdj,sh yÿkajd § we;' fuu fhdackdj,sh u.ska rfÜ ixj¾Ok lghq;= ioyd odhl jQ jhia.;jQjkag úY%du jegqmla ,nd§ug woyia lrhs'

7.      Èjd iqrl=ï uOHia:dk" id;a;=fiajd uOHia:d we;s lsÍu ^Day Care and Home Nursing Service)

rdcH yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iafõÉcd ixúOdk yd tlaj fuh mj;ajd f.k hhs' fï jkúg .%dóh yd kd.ßl uÜgfuka jhia.;jQjkaf.a mjqf,a idudðlhska fkdue;s wjia:djkaj,§ jeäysáhka /ln,d .eksug wod,j fuu uOHia:dk .%dóh yd kd.ßl uÜgfuka we;s lsÍug mshjr .ksñka isà'

jhia.; wirK frda.SjQjka /ln,d .ekSug id;a;= fiajd ksjdi weröu oelaúh yel' ta wkqj iudc iqNidOk wud;HdxYh hgf;a fuh weröug woyia fldg we;' oekgu;a fï ioyd Helpage cd;Hka;rh iydh oelaùug bÈßm;aj we;'

óg wu;rj mqyqKq yd oekqj;a  lsßfï jevuq¿" fi!LH l`ojqre" úúO ;k;=re we;s lsÍu" lKaKdä frdao mqgq jeks jhia.; wndê; mqoa.,hkag wjYH NdKav ,nd§u isÿ lrhs'   

---

[1] De Silwa" ^1994&

[2] Ditto

[3] idudkHfhka ck ixLHdjg w¿;ska tlajk m%udKh wLKavj by< hhs' túg ck ixLHd msróvh     ;%sfldaKdldr .kS' kuq;a ck ixLHd j¾Ok fõ.h my< f.dia Wm;a wkqmd;h idfmalaIj my< hk l,ays Y%u n,ldfha fï fudfyd; jk úg /§ isák tla tla ia:rhka jhia.; ldKavh yd tla jkqfha w¿;ska Wm;a u.ska tlajk ldKavhg idfmalaIlj jeä w.hlsks'

[4] ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;

[5] iudc fiajd iólaIK jd¾;dj" ^2006&

[6] 1996 § fi!LH fiajdj ioyd remsh,a ñ,shk 11"421'6 la jeh fldg we;s w;r 1999 § th remsh,a ñ,shk 18"018 la olajd o" 2001 § remsh,a ñ,shk 22"899 olajd o jYfhka úYd, uqo,la jeh fldg we;' (Statistical Pocket Book 2003)'

[7] ksheÈ iólaIK o;a;'

[8] www.un.org/ageing/coverage/SriLankaE.htm'

[9] Ditto'